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1.
Alessandro Arbo 《Topoi》2009,28(2):97-107
Starting from the context in which Wittgenstein thinks of the concepts of “seeing-as” and “hearing-as”, the basic relation
is clarified between the question of representation, musical understanding, and the theory of musical expressiveness. The
points of views of Wollheim, Scruton, Levinson, and Ridley are discussed, in a re-consideration of the notions of hearing
and understanding within Wittgenstein’s “last philosophy”. 相似文献
2.
Arvid Båve 《Synthese》2009,169(1):51-73
The article first rehearses three deflationary theories of reference, (1) disquotationalism, (2) propositionalism (Horwich),
and (3) the anaphoric theory (Brandom), and raises a number of objections against them. It turns out that each corresponds
to a closely related theory of truth, and that these are subject to analogous criticisms to a surprisingly high extent. I
then present a theory of my own, according to which the schema “That S(t) is about t” and the biconditional “S refers to x
iff S says something about x” are exhaustive of the notions of aboutness and reference. An account of the usefulness of “about”
is then given, which, I argue, is superior to that of Horwich. I close with a few considerations about how the advertised
theory relates to well-known issues of reference, the conclusions of which is (1) that the issues concern reference and aboutness
only insofar as the words “about” and “refer” serve to generalise over the claims that are really at issue, (2) that the theory
of reference will not settle the issues, and (3) that it follows from (2) that the issues do not concern the nature of aboutness
or reference. 相似文献
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5.
The theory of branching space-times is designed as a rigorous framework for modelling indeterminism in a relativistically
sound way. In that framework there is room for “funny business”, i.e., modal correlations such as occur through quantum-mechanical
entanglement. This paper extends previous work by Belnap on notions of “funny business”. We provide two generalized definitions
of “funny business”. Combinatorial funny business can be characterized as “absence of prima facie consistent scenarios”, while explanatory funny business characterizes situations in which no localized explanation of inconsistency can be given. These two definitions of funny
business are proved to be equivalent, and we provide an example that shows them to be strictly more general than the previously
available definitions of “funny business”. 相似文献
6.
A continuum is here a primitive notion intended to correspond precisely to a path-connected subset of the usual euclidean
space. In contrast, however, to the traditional treatment, we treat here continua not as pointsets, but as irreducible entities
equipped only with a partial ordering ≤ interpreted as parthood. Our aim is to examine what basic topological and geometric
properties of continua can be expressed in the language of ≤, and what principles we need in order to prove elementary facts
about them. Surprisingly enough ≤ suffices to formulate the very heart of continuity (=jumpless and gapless transitions) in
a general setting. Further, using a few principles about ≤ (together with the axioms of ZFC), we can define points, joins,
meets and infinite closeness. Most important, we can develop a dimension theory based on notions like path, circle, line (=one-dimensional
continuum), simple line and surface (=two-dimensional continuum), recovering thereby in a rigorous way Poincaré's well-known
intuitive idea that dimension expresses the ways in which a continuum can be torn apart. We outline a classification of lines
according to the number of circles and branching points they contain.
The ordering (C,≤) is a topped and bottomed, atomic, almost dense and complete partial ordering, weaker than a lattice. Continuous
transformations from C to C are also defined in a natural way and results about them are proved.
The key notions on which the dimension theory is based are the “minimal extensions of continua”, or “joins”, and the “splittings
of continua over subcontinua”.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Susie Fisher 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(1):121-141
This paper follows the circuitous path of theories concerning the origins of viruses from the early years of the twentieth
century until the present, considering RNA viruses in particular. I focus on three periods during which new understandings
of the nature of viruses guided the construction and reconstruction of origin hypotheses. During the first part of the twentieth
century, viruses were mostly viewed from within the framework of bacteriology and the discussion of origin centered on the
“degenerative” or the “retrograde evolution theory.” However, concomitantly, in the context of origin-of-life theorizing,
the notion that viruses are vestiges of a prebiotic world was also being contemplated. In the 1960s the idea that viruses
were genetic elements that “escaped” from cells became prevalent. These traditional hypotheses are being revisited nowadays
by evolutionary virologists, who have placed them within a new conceptual framework that is supported by cutting-edge genomic
and proteomic data. Two current, opposing scenarios of virus origin are presented. The philosophical dimensions of “revisiting”
the original hypotheses are briefly discussed. 相似文献
8.
Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested
the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event
associated with mate selection in two experiments. Briefly, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained
two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature
female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in
the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE),
a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent significantly more time investigating the chamber
that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male
voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour
later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar
amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that
originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity
to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females
who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity. 相似文献
9.
Anna Kasafi Perkins 《Sexuality & culture》2011,15(4):361-374
This paper interrogates the popular notions of sexuality that lay behind the women’s bodily displays during Trinidad Carnival,
the iconic Carnival experience in the region, and contrasts these to some Christian notions of the body and sexuality, which
see the body (‘the flesh’) and sexuality, as problematic even sinful, as is captured in the word “carnal”/“fleshly”. Carne
Vale, “goodbye to flesh”, plays on the Christian roots of Carnival, the religious festival before the solemnity of Lent when
meat is given up. It hints at Christian notions of body which devalue physical being and oftentimes view it as the site of
sinfulness and temptation. It argues that Caribbean women have subverted and continue to subvert such negative valuations
by engaging in carnivalesque masquerade that revalues bodies, especially colonised female bodies. 相似文献
10.
Alberto Peruzzi 《Axiomathes》2006,16(4):424-459
Among the main concerns of 20th century philosophy was that of the foundations of mathematics. But usually not recognized
is the relevance of the choice of a foundational approach to the other main problems of 20th century philosophy, i.e., the logical structure of language, the nature of scientific theories, and the architecture of the mind. The tools used
to deal with the difficulties inherent in such problems have largely relied on set theory and its “received view”. There are
specific issues, in philosophy of language, epistemology and philosophy of mind, where this dependence turns out to be misleading.
The same issues suggest the gain in understanding coming from category theory, which is, therefore, more than just the source
of a “non-standard” approach to the foundations of mathematics. But, even so conceived, it is the very notion of what a foundation
has to be that is called into question. The philosophical meaning of mathematics is no longer confined to which first principles
are assumed and which “ontological” interpretation is given to them in terms of some possibly updated version of logicism,
formalism or intuitionism. What is central to any foundational project proper is the role of universal constructions that
serve to unify the different branches of mathematics, as already made clear in 1969 by Lawvere. Such universal constructions
are best expressed by means of adjoint functors and representability up to isomorphism. In this lies the relevance of a category-theoretic
perspective, which leads to wide-ranging consequences. One such is the presence of functorial constraints on the syntax–semantics
relationships; another is an intrinsic view of (constructive) logic, as arises in topoi and, subsequently, in more general
fibrations. But as soon as theories and their models are described accordingly, a new look at the main problems of 20th century’s
philosophy becomes possible. The lack of any satisfactory solution to these problems in a purely logical and set-theoretic
setting is the result of too circumscribed an approach, such as a static and punctiform view of objects and their elements,
and a misconception of geometry and its historical changes before, during, and after the foundational “crisis”, as if algebraic
geometry and synthetic differential geometry – not to mention algebraic topology – were secondary sources for what concerns
foundational issues. The objectivity of basic geometrical intuitions also acts against the recent version of structuralism
proposed as ‘the’ philosophy of category theory. On the other hand, the need for a consistent and adequate conceptual framework
in facing the difficulties met by pre-categorical theories of language and scientific knowledge not only provides the basic
concepts of category theory with specific applications but also suggests further directions for their development (e.g., in
approaching the foundations of physics or the mathematical models in the cognitive sciences). This ‘virtuous’ circle is by
now largely admitted in theoretical computer science; the time is ripe to realise that the same holds for classical topics
of philosophy.
Text of a talk given at the Workshop and Symposium on the Ramifications of Category Theory, Florence, November 18–22, 2003. For further documentation on the conference, see 相似文献
11.
Now a century old, psychotherapy supervision occupies a place of increasing prominence across all mental health disciplines
and appears to generally be regarded as a (if not the) sine qua non for the teaching and learning of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy
supervision has emerged as our “signature pedagogy.” In this paper, I take a look back at supervision’s last century and consider
some (but by no means all) of the salient issues and themes that have defined its science and practice. The reviewed supervision
issues and themes include the following: (1) the beginnings and evolution of supervision and supervision theory; (2) our evolving
perspective about the supervision matrix; (3) methodological pluralism and diversity; (4) “good” and “bad” supervisor behaviors
and the working alliance; (5) measurement; (6) effectiveness; (7) diversity; and (8) education. I use this “look back” to
(1) give voice to where we have been and where we are now in psychotherapy supervision and (2) shine a light on some of what
seems to lie ahead for supervision’s second century. 相似文献
12.
In the framework of the theory of social representations, the study set out to examine how Finnish parents and teachers have
received a major change in educational policy. Surveys on parents' and comprehensive school teachers' views of ongoing school
reforms indicated that current educational discourse is structured by two different representations — a “selective” one and
a “comprehensive” one-which contain two different notions of intelligence — “natural” and “sociorelativistic”. The subjects'
sociai position (socioeducational status and expertise) in the educational hierarchy tended to organize their representations.
The findings indicated that the different groups have different relationships to official educational policy and to the ethos
of educability embodied by the school.
University of Joensuu 相似文献
13.
Moser A 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(3):365-382
This paper deals with an approach to the integration of science (with technology and economics), ethics (with religion and
mysticism), the arts (aesthetics) and Nature, in order to establish a world-view based on holistic, evolutionary ethics that
could help with problem solving. The author suggests that this integration is possible with the aid of “Nature’s wisdom” which
is mirrored in the macroscopic pattern of the ecosphere. The corresponding eco-principles represent the basis for unifying
soft and hard sciences resulting in “deep sciences”. Deduction and induction will remain the methodology for deep sciences
and will include conventional experiments and aesthetic and sentient experiences. Perception becomes the decisive factor with
the senses as operators for the building of consciousness through the subconscious. In this paper, an attempt at integrating
the concepts of the “true”, the “right” and the “beautiful” with the aid of Nature’s wisdom is explained in more detail along
with consequences.
The author is a bioprocess engineer with a research interest in environmental issues. 相似文献
14.
Xianglong Zhang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(3):309-335
The reason for the emergence of consciousness of filial piety is that parental care could activate reciprocal filial piety.
Parental care and filial piety are two supplementary phenomena caused by the same time consciousness. Phenomenology neglects
consciousness of filial piety because it lacks the thinking that sees the fundamental “meaning of time” in the intersection
of “past” and “future”. The consciousness of filial piety can only be really constituted by a human being’s personal experience.
“Frustrations in personal life” and “breeding of children for oneself” are two occasions for an adult to fight against the
separating effect of individualized consciousness and regain awareness of filial piety.
Translated by Huang Deyuan from Beijing Daxue Xuebao 北京大学学报 (Journal of Peking University), 2006, (1): 14–24 相似文献
15.
Ernest W. Adams 《Synthese》2005,146(1-2):129-138
Syllogisms like Barbara, “If all S is M and all M is P, then all S is P”, are here analyzed not in terms of the truth of their categorical constituents, “all S is M”, etc., but rather in terms of the corresponding proportions, e.g., of Ss that are Ms. This allows us to consider the inferences’ approximate validity, and whether the fact that most Ss are Ms and most Ms are Ps guarantees that most Ss are Ps. It turns out that no standard syllogism is universally valid in this sense, but special ‘default rules’ govern approximate reasoning of this kind. Special attention is paid to
inferences involving existential propositions of the “Some S is M” form, where it is does not make sense to say “Almost some S is M”, but where it is important that in
everyday speech, “Some” does not mean “At least one”, but rather “A not insignificant number”. 相似文献
16.
Larry Gates 《Journal of religion and health》1994,33(4):313-319
Carl Jung saw the Holy Ghost as the crowning figure in God's revelation of Himself. For Jung, the Holy Ghost is that mysterious
force which unites opposites and allows the transcendent to enter space and time. Through a process called “continuing incarnation”,
the Holy Ghost makes it possible for ordinary people to participate in “the sonship of God”. 相似文献
17.
Geoffrey Cantor 《Jewish History》2009,23(4):363-388
In recovering the life and work of Ellis Abraham Davidson (1828–1878), this paper draws attention to a Victorian who expands
our understanding of Anglo-Jewry as he does not fit the occupational stereotypes. Unusually, he contributed to education,
more specifically to the socially-important but frequently neglected topic of technical education. He taught the “lowly” arts,
generally known in the nineteenth century as “arts and manufactures”, or the “useful arts”, or “art and design”. Thus although
he did not become an artisan or tradesman himself, through his teaching others acquired the requisite skills to become artisans
and tradesmen. Moreover, drawing on his experience teaching practical subjects he lectured to Jewish artisans and advised
the Board of Guardians on the best way to support apprentices. Finally, and most importantly, this study of Davidson sheds
new light on the relations between science, technology, and Judaism in the mid-Victorian period. Thus the final two sections
of this paper will examine his commitment to a form of natural theology that set him against Darwin’s theory of evolution
and also informed his only book directed specifically at the Anglo-Jewish community. 相似文献
18.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Philosophical Studies》2006,128(1):93-108
A general theory of coherence is proposed, in which systemic and relational coherence are shown to be interdefinable. When
this theory is applied to sets of sentences, it turns out that logical closure obscures the distinctions that are needed for
a meaningful analysis of coherence. It is concluded that references to “all beliefs” in coherentist phrases such as “all beliefs
support each other” have to be modified so that merely derived beliefs are excluded. Therefore, in order to avoid absurd conclusions,
coherentists have to accept a weak version of epistemic priority, that sorts out merely derived beliefs. Furthermore, it is
shown that in belief revision theory, coherence cannot be adequately represented by logical closure, but has to be represented
separately.
*Contribution to “Seven Bridges” 相似文献
19.
李景林 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):198-210
Feng Youlan emphasizes the concept of “creativity” in his article “Explanation of Mencius’ Chapter on Strong, Moving Vital
Force”, in particular highlighting the problem whether the “strong, moving vital force” is “innate” or “acquired”. Cheng Hao
and Zhu Xi believed the “strong, moving vital force” was endowed by Heaven, so was therefore innate; “nourishment” cleared
fog and allowed one to “recover one’s original nature”. Mencius’ theory on “the good of human nature” is illustrated in the
concept of integrated “original endowment”. So Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory of “recovering the original nature” proposed
that the “strong, moving vital force” was innate, which is in complete agreement with Mencius and of which there is ample
evidence in Mencius. However, “nature” is “created by the accumulation of righteousness”. Namely, it is the completion and presentation of the
process of creation and transformation of human beings. Only when we consider both Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory and Feng
Youlan’s theory can we fully understand Mencius’ theory of “the nourishment of the strong, moving vital force”, which is of
great theoretical and academic value in accurately understanding Mencius and the Confucian theory of mind-nature.
Translated by Lei Yongqiang from Shehui kexue zhanxian 社会科学战线 (Social Science Front), 2007, (5):12–16 相似文献
20.
Deductive inference is usually regarded as being “tautological” or “analytical”: the information conveyed by the conclusion
is contained in the information conveyed by the premises. This idea, however, clashes with the undecidability of first-order
logic and with the (likely) intractability of Boolean logic. In this article, we address the problem both from the semantic
and the proof-theoretical point of view. We propose a hierarchy of propositional logics that are all tractable (i.e. decidable
in polynomial time), although by means of growing computational resources, and converge towards classical propositional logic.
The underlying claim is that this hierarchy can be used to represent increasing levels of “depth” or “informativeness” of
Boolean reasoning. Special attention is paid to the most basic logic in this hierarchy, the pure “intelim logic”, which satisfies
all the requirements of a natural deduction system (allowing both introduction and elimination rules for each logical operator)
while admitting of a feasible (quadratic) decision procedure. We argue that this logic is “analytic” in a particularly strict
sense, in that it rules out any use of “virtual information”, which is chiefly responsible for the combinatorial explosion
of standard classical systems. As a result, analyticity and tractability are reconciled and growing degrees of computational
complexity are associated with the depth at which the use of virtual information is allowed. 相似文献