统一·行动·未来——马丁·布伯对犹太教现代性的思考

在当代的犹太教思想家中,许多学者提出重新理解犹太教的现代性任务。马丁·布伯是其中比较出色的一位。他洞察到现代性危机中的犹太教处境,在此基础上,批评了先前几种犹太教复兴观念:政治犹太复国主义、宗教共同体理论和民族共同体理论。他努力挖掘犹太教精神传统,分析犹太教中的现代性观念:包括统一、行动、未来三种精神。他的阐释工作的启示在于:一方面,必须以批评的和反思的眼光来面对西方的现代性,为现代性困境寻找出路;另一方面,也为犹太教展示出现代性的资源,拓展了犹太教在现代的生存空间。     

Moore's Proof And Martin Davies's Epistemic Projects

In the recent literature on Moore's Proof of an external world, it has emerged that different diagnoses of the argument's failure are prima facie defensible. As a result, there is a sense that the appropriateness of the different verdicts on it may depend on variation in the kinds of context in which the argument is taken to be a move, with different characteristic aims. In this spirit, Martin Davies has recently explored the use of the argument within two different epistemic projects called respectively ‘deciding what to believe’ and ‘settling the question’. Depending on which project is in hand, according to Davies, the diagnoses of its failure—if indeed it fails—will differ. I believe that, by introducing the idea that the effectiveness of a valid argument may be epistemic project-relative, Davies has pointed the way to an important reorientation of the debates about Moore's Proof. But I wish to take issue with much of the detail of his proposals. I argue that Davies's characterization of his two projects is misleading (§1), and his account of their distinction defective (§2). I then canvass some suggestions about how it may be improved upon and about how further relevant kinds of epistemic projects in which Moore's argument may be taken to be a move can be characterized, bringing out how each of these projects impinges differently on the issue of the Proof's failure and of its diagnosis (§§3 and 4). In conclusion (§5) I offer an overview of the resulting terrain.     

Taking the Measure of Work Interests: Past,Present, and Future

The influence of work interests on employee behavior is often misunderstood. Accordingly, the potential of work interest measures to improve “high stakes” employee decision-making has been grossly underestimated. One organization that has taken work interests seriously however, is the U.S. military. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to summarize the rich history of military-sponsored research on work interests for employee selection and classification, (b) to highlight recent advances in work interest measurement from military-sponsored research, and (c) to outline the way forward for advancing work interest theory and measurement.     

Counseling in Iran: History,Current Status,and Future Trends

As a growing profession, counseling in Iran was first established within the Iranian educational system. Counselors in Iran have provided mental health services during natural disasters and war. The counseling profession in Iran currently faces challenges in addressing the needs of women; ethnic minorities; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. In this article, the authors focus on the historical background, current trends, and future challenges of the counseling profession in Iran.     

Counseling in Malaysia: History,Current Status,and Future Trends

This article presents an overview of the history of counseling in Malaysia, provides an update of its current status, and discusses some anticipated future trends for the profession in light of recent developments in the country. Counseling in Malaysia began with school guidance in the 1960s and has now achieved recognition as a profession in school and community settings. Counseling in Malaysia continues to encounter challenges in training, service, and professional identity and development.     

Counseling in Mexico: History,Current Identity,and Future Trends

A brief history of the development of counseling in Mexico is presented. Counselor preparation, identity, and future trends in the profession are discussed. The origins of counseling in Mexico are associated with the development of similar disciplines concerned with the general improvement of mental health and the treatment of its disorders, namely, disciplines such as medicine and psychology. Historically, the classical cultures of Mesoamerica had specific methods for understanding the human psyche, as did the Indians, Chinese, Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks of other cultures. Mexico, like many societies, has historically attempted to explain and understand the essential components of the human condition.     

Counseling in Zimbabwe: History,Current Status,and Future Trends

Counseling in Zimbabwe has a long tradition, dating back to pre‐Colonial times. In the modern context, counseling has evolved through the educational and health care sectors. Since the 1990s, Zimbabwean counselors have advocated for professional recognition, a struggle similar to that of counselors in the United States. In this article, the authors provide a historical view of counseling in Zimbabwe, discuss the current status of and future trends in counseling, and make recommendations for the advancement of the profession.     

Work,Disability, and the Future: Promoting Employment for People with Disabilities

The problems experienced by people with disabilities in seeking work are evident in statistical data on unemployment. Although future economic prospects are brighter, people with disabilities will not have a share of the resulting prosperity unless there are changes in public policies, rehabilitation practices, and employer benefits.     

Work, Competences and Learning Scenarios for the Future

Il arrive que les occasions d'apprentissage et d'acquisition des compétences et des aptitudes soient tiées aux opportunités professionnelles et ainsi, indirectement, au développement de l'économie. L auteur illustre, avec cinq scénarios, comment l'apprentissage peut être conditionné par des choix macro-économiques et macro-sociaux.
Opportunities for learning and the acquisition of competences or skills happen to be linked to work opportunities and thence indirectly to the development of the economy. The author sketches five scenarios indicating how learning may be conditioned by macroeconomic and macro-social choices.     

Professional Counseling in Kenya: History,Current Status,and Future Trends

The authors examine the history and development of the counseling profession in Kenya. This profession is deeply rooted in responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the emergence of mental health needs created by the impact of political and community‐based violence, increasing student unrest in public institutions, and government efforts to provide social–emotional support for students in public schools and universities. The authors also examine the challenges for the profession and make recommendations for the future.     

International Test Commission: Its History,Current Status,and Future Directions

The history of the International Test Commission (ITC) is described beginning with its conception by Jean Cardinet in the mid-1960s, its birth in 1976, through the year 2000. The article describes the context for the ITC's origin by briefly reviewing the history of test development and use, identifies the ITC's goals, reviews major milestones that are consistent with its goals, and suggests ways the ITC may continue its efforts to positively impact test development and use internationally. The article also helps inaugurate the first issue of the ITC's International Journal of Testing.     

Technology and Work: Future Issues for Career Guidance

Advances in communication and microcomputer technologies are having a dramatic impact on our personal and vocational lives. This article focuses on possible consequences for career guidance professionals.     

Future Professionals and Managers: Their Attitudes Toward Unions, Organizational Beliefs, and Work Ethic

The authors replicate and extend the research on future workers' union attitudes, organizational beliefs, and work ethic. Selected demographic and attitudinal data were collected from a sample of 644 students at a small, western Pennsylvania university. Compared to earlier research on pre-employment predictors of union attitudes, this study is based on a much larger sample size and includes a cross-section of majors. The results offer additional support for the family socialization process; in general, future professionals and business managers are more sympathetic to labor unions if they were children of union members. In addition, the results show that student major has a significant and systematic impact on both positive and negative union attitudes.     

The Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior: History,Current Status,and Future Directions

The Psychological Record - These papers were presented at a symposium held at the 93rd annual convention of the American Psychological Association, August, 1985, Los Angeles, CA. The papers, in...     

The Counseling Profession in Russia: Historical Roots,Current Trends,and Future Perspectives

Psychology was established in Russia before the Communist era. The social work profession was created in 1991 for a society in turmoil after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 2011, the counseling profession officially emerged as a branch of social work called social psychological help. Professional counseling associations are in the formative stage. Concern about mental health issues, particularly substance abuse, suggests that the counseling profession could continue to grow in Russia.