Chinese Learners of English See Chinese Words When Reading English Words

The present study examines when second language (L2) learners read words in the L2, whether the orthography and/or phonology of the translation words in the first language (L1) is activated and whether the patterns would be modulated by the proficiency in the L2. In two experiments, two groups of Chinese learners of English immersed in the L1 environment, one less proficient and the other more proficient in English, performed a translation recognition task. In this task, participants judged whether pairs of words, with an L2 word preceding an L1 word, were translation words or not. The critical conditions compared the performance of learners to reject distractors that were related to the translation word (e.g., Open image in new window , pronounced as /bei 1/) of an L2 word (e.g., cup) in orthography (e.g., Open image in new window , bad in Chinese, pronounced as /huai 4/) or phonology (e.g., Open image in new window , sad in Chinese, pronounced as /bei 1/). Results of Experiment 1 showed less proficient learners were slower and less accurate to reject translation orthography distractors, as compared to unrelated controls, demonstrating a robust translation orthography interference effect. In contrast, their performance was not significantly different when rejecting translation phonology distractors, relative to unrelated controls, showing no translation phonology interference. The same patterns were observed in more proficient learners in Experiment 2. Together, these results suggest that when Chinese learners of English read English words, the orthographic information, but not the phonological information of the Chinese translation words is activated. In addition, this activation is not modulated by L2 proficiency.     

预期想象对拖延的影响:想象过程和想象结果的效应分离

摘要 为了考察预期想象对不同拖延水平个体拖延行为的影响,本研究采用一般拖延量表(General Procrastination Scale)选取高拖延被试和低拖延被试,要求被试在进行模拟现实的拖延任务之前分别对任务过程和任务结果进行预期想象,比较不同拖延水平的被试在预期想象作用下拖延行为的变化。结果表明：(1)在两组被试中,相比于无想象条件下的拖延行为,对任务过程的预期想象增强拖延行为,对任务结果的预期想象削弱拖延行为;(2)对任务不同成分的预期想象所引发的情绪与拖延行为的变化相关显著。这说明情绪和预期想象是影响拖延的重要因素,合理地操纵对任务不同成分的预期想象可以有效干预拖延行为。     

Discrimination and production of English vowels by bilingual speakers of Spanish and English

The goal of this study was to examine whether listeners bilingual in Spanish and English would have difficulty in the discrimination of English vowel contrasts. An additional goal was to estimate the correlation between their discrimination and production of these vowels. Participants (40 bilingual Spanish- and English-speaking and 40 native monolingual English-speaking college students, 23-36 years of age) participated (M age = 25.3 yr., Mdn = 25.0). The discrimination and production of English vowels in real and novel words by adult participants bilingual in Spanish and English were examined and their discrimination was compared with that of 40 native monolingual English-speaking participants. Stimuli were presented within triads in an ABX paradigm. Novel words were chosen to represent new words when learning a new language and to provide a more valid test of discrimination. Bilingual participants' productions of vowels were judged by two independent listeners to estimate the correlation between discrimination and production. Discrimination accuracy was significantly greater for native English-speaking participants than for bilingual participants for vowel contrasts and novel words. Significant errors also appeared in the bilingual participants' productions of certain vowels. Earlier age of acquisition, absence of communication problems, and greater percentage of time devoted to communication contributed to greater accuracy in discrimination and production.     

英国自然神论初探

一、自然神论的经验论基础 16世纪的欧洲虽然发生了轰轰烈烈的宗教改革运动,而且文艺复兴运动也达到了最高峰,但是这两场运动的目的都只是要改变基督教的组织体制和行为方式,而不是要改变基督教的基本信仰和精神实质;它们批判的矛头都是指向教会和神职人员,而不是指向基督教本身的.     

Abstracts in English

S D Rose: Assertive Training in Groups: Research in Clinical Setting. Soand J Behav Thev, 6S 61-86, 1977. Under auspices of the Interpersonal Skill Training and Research Program a series of seven research projects have recently been completed in which the effectiveness of assertive training in groups with various clinical and professional populations has been evaluated. These populations included young adults, women, social workers and the elderly. The programs for assertive training included a variety of procedures such as modeling, coaching, overt behaviour rehearsal, covert rehearsal, group feedback, buddy contacts, selected readings, homework assignments, and contingency contracts. Data were collected on outcome by means of assertion inventories and audiotaped role play tests, and on process by means of observation of interaction, attendance, completion rate of assignments, and self report at the end of each meeting. Results on the role play tests tended to support the efficacy of assertive training for all the populations, however, strongest results were obtained for the women and young adults and the weakest for the elderly. Evidence also supported the use of contingecy contracts as a means of increasing the rate of assignment completion.

O Hordlund, S Ronnberg & Gohlsson: The Functional Importance of "Showing Responses" in the Creative Activity in Children. Soand J Behav Ther, 6, 87-93, 1977. A child's creative activity is often terminated by the child showing the accomplished product to a parent or a teacher. This "showing response" was hypothezised to be of central importance in maintaining creative behaviour, as it "mediates" social reinforcement for this activity. The hypothesis was tested on four children, two of which followed an A-B-A design and two a B-A design, where in the A condition the child was not given the opportunity to show his drawings. In the B condition this opportunity was provided. During the A condition the number of accomplished drawings rapidly dropped to zero. It is pointed out that the showing response seems to be a natural instance of "self-reinforcement".     

Seventeenth-Century English millenarianism

This essay, which is not a review of recent scholarship, offers an overview of 17th-century English Protestant (especially Puritan) millenarianism. Its major point is that English millenarianism was above all else a pre-modern species of historiography. The essay begins with a discussion of the so-called last things, the historiographical categories through which Puritans made history intelligible. It then presents some case studies, in order to show how representative millenarians construed certain last things: the millennium, the Second Coming, the destruction of Antichrist, the conversion of the Jews and the conversion of the Gentiles, and the wrath of Satan. The essay concludes with a consideration of the last days, the time-span in which the last things unfolded.     

Abstracts in English

F R Quale: A Behaviour Contracting Approach to Weight Control. Saand J Behav Ther, 4, 117-124, 1975. A weight control program employing behaviour modification techniques is presented. In the first phase the clients were trained to use different techniques to achieve weight loss. A weight control contract, specifying a penalty for weight gain or lack of weight loss, was established. In the second phase, the goal was maintenance of weight loss during the following year. The success rate reported was 62 % in Phase I and 91 % in Phase II.C Botella & L Wadelius: Behavioural and Traditional Treatment of Obesity. SaandJ Behav Ther, 4, 125-136, 1975. After a summarized background to the overweight problem the literature on behavioural treatment of obesity is reviewed. An experimental comparison between behavioural treatment of obesity and traditional medical treatment is reported. Both treatment groups lost weight significantly. At the one-year follow-up, only the behaviourally treated group had maintained a significant weight loss, although less than immediately after the end of treatment.

H Fries: Anorectic Behaviour: Nosological Aspects and Introduction of a Behaviour Scale. Saand J Behav Ther, 4, 137-148, 1975. The anorectic behaviour is typical for patients with primary or "true" anorexia nervosa. It may also be of a more unspecific character, as in mitigated forms of anorexia nervosa or "pseudo-anorectic" conditions. A valid and easily applicable anorectic behaviour scale is introduced, which seems well suitable for diagnostic purpose and routine evaluation of therapeutic effects.T Aim & L-G Kall: Anorexia Nervosa and Behaviour Therapy. Saand J Behav Ther, 4, 159–163, 1975. The historical development of the treatment of anorexia nervosa is reviewed. Experimental evaluations of active components in therapy, by means of single—subject designs are discussed. Some concluding remarks are given pointing at the importance of including the patient's natural environment in the treatment.M Lindquist & K G Gotestam: Self—Control over Eating. Saand J Behav Ther, 4, 159–163,. 1975. The effect of environmental planning and self—administration of consequences was studied in an A-B-C design in the treatment of a client with incorrect eating habits. The combination of the techniques proved to be effective for this problem.     

Abstracts in English

M L Stevens: The Workclock: A Means of Establishing and Maintaining Classroom Control. Soand J Behav Ther, S, 1-8, 1977- As an alternative to the time consuming token economy system in classrooms, a more practical "workclock" program was tested. A clock started whenever a pupil broke one of the rules stipulated. When rulebreaking ceased the clock was stopped. The primary reinforcer for not making interruptions during the working periods was free time. The results revealed a great decrease in interruptions during the formal "workclock" period and also during the follow-up period.L-G Ost: Supervision in Behaviour Therapy. Soand J Behav Ther, 6, 9-18, 1977. Super—vision of behaviour hterapy trainees is presented and advantages as well as disadvantages with the described model are discussed. The supervision aims fora gradually increased security and independence in the therapist role. Different problems are described as well as the question of how long a time period a trainee should have supervision and the importance of continuous evaluation both from the supervisor and from the trainee.

O Hordlund & S Ronnberg: Treatment of a Child With Disruptive Behaviours During his Mother's Social Contacts. Soand J Behav Ther, 6, 19~2k, 1977. Some children become extremely noisy and disturbing when a parent is visiting or talking to friends. An analysis of this behaviour pointed to the following factors as important in maintaining these behaviours: a) Differential reinforcement of disturbing behaviours as these are more likely to be noticed than quiet behaviours during social conversations, b) Social gathering functions as S :s for time—out from positive reinforcement (e g no attention). The child may bring this situation to an end by emitting a high rate of disturbing behaviours, which are thus reinforced. A successful treatment program based upon this analysis and applied to a four year old boy included: a) Differential reinforcement of a low rate of disturbing behaviours, b) Instructions to the mother never to stop a conversation when the boy engaged in disturbing behaviours, c) Instruction to the mother to attend to the boy when he is not disturbing her. Experimental control was demonstrated by the use of an A-B-A-B design.L-G Ost & L-G Ka.ll: Treatment of Eat Phobia with Eeinforced Practice and Fading: Two Case Reports. Soand J Behav Ther, 6, 25-38, 1977- In two subjects with rat phobia the applicability of reinforced practice and fading were tested using single-subject designs. Furthermore the possibility of continuous assessment of the phobic behaviours across different modalities was tested. The results shuwed that the phobias were extinguished in nine and 15 sessions respectively. The changes were unequivocal both across modalities and response systems (overt behaviour and verbal-cognitive responses).M Fredriksson: Change of Avoidance Behaviour and Heart Rate as an Effect of Systematic Desensitization: A Case of a Social Phobia. Soand J Behav Ther, 6, 39-, 1977-A phobia of public speaking was treated by systematic desensitization. The technique was modified so that an imagined response (to speak) was altered to a real stimulus (taperecorded speech). The client was given control over exposure to that stimulus. The treatment was evaluated by means of subjective reports and registration of heart rate. The results were interpreted in terms of counterconditioning and exposure to the phobic situation.     

Processing of English inflectional morphology

The present paper explores the representation of inflectional morphology in the English lexicon. There has been a long-standing debate about how these inflectional relationships might be involved during on-line processing. Inflected forms may be derived from an uninflected base form by rule application; by contrast, both regular and irregular inflection may be treated in the same way, with morphological patterns emerging from mappings between base and inflected forms. The present series of experiments investigated these issues using a lexical decision task. The first experiment showed that response latencies to nouns were significantly shorter than those to verbs. A possible explanation for these results can be found in differences in inflectional structure between English nouns and verbs. Namely, the relative frequency of uninflected compared with inflected forms is greater for nouns than for verbs. Two additional experiments compared noun stimuli with different inflectional structures. In all cases, differences in response latencies were predicted by the frequency of the surface form, whether uninflected or inflected. The pattern of results lends support for a unitary associative system for processing regular inflection of nouns in English and argues against the view that regular inflected plurals are derived by rule from a single, uninflected lexical entry.     

Semantic networks of English.

Principles of lexical semantics developed in the course of building an on-line lexical database are discussed. The approach is relational rather than componential. The fundamental semantic relation is synonymy, which is required in order to define the lexicalized concepts that words can be used to express. Other semantic relations between these concepts are then described. No single set of semantic relations or organizational structure is adequate for the entire lexicon: nouns, adjectives, and verbs each have their own semantic relations and their own organization determined by the role they must play in the construction of linguistic messages.     

不同英语水平学习者英语派生词和屈折词记忆加工差异

中等水平和高级水平英语学习者对以视觉、听觉和视听觉混合方式呈现的派生词和规则变化屈折词的自由回忆成绩表明,他们对这两种多词素词的识别加工存在词素自动分解过程,但比较而言对屈折词的分解加工倾向更大一些。和中等水平学习者相比,高级水平学习者发展有更强的屈折词或派生词构词意识。     

Saudi English: A Descriptive Analysis of English Language Variations in Saudi Arabia

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - The paper describes Saudi English morphosyntactic and lexical features that are widely practiced among educated Saudis, who completed at least nine years of...