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1.
In this paper we present an analysis of persuasive definition based on argumentation schemes. Using the medieval notion of
differentia and the traditional approach to topics, we explain the persuasiveness of emotive terms in persuasive definitions by applying
the argumentation schemes for argument from classification and argument from values. Persuasive definitions, we hold, are
persuasive because their goal is to modify the emotive meaning denotation of a persuasive term in a way that contains an implicit
argument from values. However, our theory is different from Stevenson’s, a positivistic view that sees emotive meaning as
subjective, and defines it as a behavioral effect. Our proposal is to treat the persuasiveness produced by the use of emotive
words and persuasive definitions as due to implicit arguments that an interlocutor may not be aware of. We use congruence
theory to provide the linguistic framework for connecting a term with the function it is supposed to play in a text. Our account
allows us to distinguish between conflicts of values and conflicts of classifications.
相似文献
Douglas Walton (Corresponding author)Email: URL: www.uwinnipeg.ca/~walton |
2.
Jesús Alcolea-Banegas 《Argumentation》2009,23(2):259-275
Our aim is to point out some differences between verbal and visual arguments, promoting the rhetorical perspective of argumentation
beyond the relevance of logic and pragmatics. In our view, if it is to be rational and successful, film as (visual) argumentation
must be addressed to spectators who hold informed beliefs about the theme watched on the screen and the medium’s constraints
and conventions. In our reflections to follow, we apply rhetorical analysis to film as a symbolic, human, and communicative
act that may sometimes be understood as a visually laid out argument. As a mixture of visual, auditory, and verbal stimuli,
film demands active and complex interpretation and (re)construction. Our suggestion is to focus on five different but interrelated
elements. The reconstruction and evaluation of the visual argument will be based on those elements, and the whole process
will be one of visual argumentation.
相似文献
Jesús Alcolea-BanegasEmail: |
3.
Eveline T. Feteris 《Argumentation》2008,22(4):489-506
In this article the author develops a framework for a pragma-dialectical reconstruction of teleological argumentation in a
legal context. Ideas taken from legal theory are integrated in a pragma-dialectical model for analyzing and evaluating argumentation,
thus providing a more systematic and elaborate framework for assessing the quality of teleological arguments in a legal context.
Teleological argumentation in a legal context is approached as a specific form of pragmatic argumentation. The legal criteria
that are relevant for the evaluation of teleological argumentation are discussed and translated in terms of critical questions
that are relevant for the evaluation of the various forms of teleological argumentation.
相似文献
Eveline T. FeterisEmail: |
4.
A major virtue of the Pragma-Dialectical theory of argumentation is its commitment to reasonableness and rationality as central
criteria of argumentative quality. However, the account of these key notions offered by the originators of this theory, Frans
van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst, seems to us problematic in several respects. In what follows we criticize that account and
suggest an alternative, offered elsewhere, that seems to us to be both independently preferable and more in keeping with the
epistemic approach to arguments and argumentation we favor.
相似文献
John BiroEmail: |
5.
James D. Marshall 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(2):97-109
In this paper I wish to comment upon the use of polemical argument in philosophy of education and education. Like Foucault,
I believe that a whole morality is at stake because polemical argument obfuscates the search for truth at the expense of truth
and the other’s veracity, integrity and dignity. The use of polemics is illustrated by two arguments. The first general argument
is taken from an attack upon Albert Camus by the British writer Colin Wilson. The second more particular example is taken
from attacks in New Zealand by the State Department of Education upon the educational ideas of the novelist and educator Sylvia
Ashton-Warner. Finally I discuss how polemics might be countered in education.
相似文献
James D. MarshallEmail: |
6.
Nano-ethics as NEST-ethics: Patterns of Moral Argumentation About New and Emerging Science and Technology 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
There might not be a specific nano-ethics, but there definitely is an ethics of new & emerging science and technology (NEST),
with characteristic tropes and patterns of moral argumentation. Ethical discussion in and around nanoscience and technology
reflects such NEST-ethics. We offer an inventory of the arguments, and show patterns in their evolution, in arenas full of
proponents and opponents. We also show that there are some nano-specific issues: in how size matters, and when agency is delegated
to smart devices. Our overall approach is a pragmatist ethics, and we conclude that struggle (and learning) might be more
productive than models emphasizing consensus.
相似文献
Tsjalling SwierstraEmail: |
7.
Strategic Maneuvering in Mathematical Proofs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Erik C. W. Krabbe 《Argumentation》2008,22(3):453-468
This paper explores applications of concepts from argumentation theory to mathematical proofs. Note is taken of the various
contexts in which proofs occur and of the various objectives they may serve. Examples of strategic maneuvering are discussed
when surveying, in proofs, the four stages of argumentation distinguished by pragma-dialectics. Derailments of strategies
(fallacies) are seen to encompass more than logical fallacies and to occur both in alleged proofs that are completely out
of bounds and in alleged proofs that are at least mathematical arguments. These considerations lead to a dialectical and rhetorical
view of proofs.
相似文献
Erik C. W. KrabbeEmail: |
8.
Douglas Walton 《Philosophia》2006,34(3):355-376
In this paper, the traditional view that argumentum ad ignorantiam is a logical fallacy is challenged, and lessons are drawn on how to model inferences drawn from knowledge in combination with ones drawn from lack of knowledge. Five defeasible rules for evaluating knowledge-based arguments that apply to inferences drawn under conditions of lack of knowledge are formulated. They are the veridicality rule, the consistency of knowledge rule, the closure of knowledge rule, the rule of refutation and the rule for argument from ignorance. The basic thesis of the paper is that knowledge-based arguments, including the argument from ignorance, need to be evaluated by criteria for epistemic closure and other evidential rules that are pragmatic in nature, that need to be formulated and applied differently at different stages of an investigation or discussion. The paper helps us to understand practical criteria that should be used to evaluate all arguments based on knowledge and/or ignorance.
相似文献
Douglas WaltonEmail: |
9.
10.
Chris John Daly 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(3):423-440
This paper distinguishes revolutionary fictionalism from other forms of fictionalism and also from other philosophical views.
The paper takes fictionalism about mathematical objects and fictionalism about scientific unobservables as illustrations.
The paper evaluates arguments that purport to show that this form of fictionalism is incoherent on the grounds that there
is no tenable distinction between believing a sentence and taking the fictionalist's distinctive attitude to that sentence.
The argument that fictionalism about mathematics is ‘comically immodest’ is also evaluated. In place of those arguments, an
argument against fictionalism about abstract objects of any kind is presented in the last section. This argument takes the
form of a trilemma against the fictionalist.
相似文献
Chris John DalyEmail: |
11.
Eveline T. Feteris 《Argumentation》2008,22(3):335-353
The author gives an analysis of the strategic manoeuvring in the justification of legal decisions from a pragma-dialectical
perspective by showing how a judge tries to reconcile dialectical and rhetorical aims. On the basis of an analysis and evaluation
of the argumentation given by the US Supreme Court in the famous Holy Trinity case, it is shown how in a case in which the
judge wants to make an exception to a legal rule for the concrete case tries to meet the dialectical reasonableness norm by
seeing to it that his standpoint is sufficiently defended according to the requirements of the burden of proof of a judge
in a rational critical discussion and how he tries at the same time to be rhetorically convincing for the legal audience by
presenting the decision as a choice that is in line with the argumentation schemes and starting points that can be considered
as accepted by the legal community in the US and by the US community as a whole.
相似文献
Eveline T. FeterisEmail: |
12.
Mikkel Gerken 《Philosophia》2008,36(1):87-96
There is widespread suspicion that there is a principled conflict between epistemic internalism and content externalism (or
anti-individualism). Despite the prominence of this suspicion, it has rarely been substantiated by explicit arguments. However,
Duncan Pritchard and Jesper Kallestrup have recently provided a prima facie argument concluding that internalism about knowledge
and externalism about content are incompatible. I criticize the incompatibilist argument and conclude that the purported incompatibility
is, at best, prima facie. This is, in part, because several steps in the argument are faulty and, in part, because there are
promising responses available to the compatibilists.
相似文献
Mikkel GerkenEmail: |
13.
Timothy Williamson has famously argued that the (KK) principle (roughly, that if one knows that p, then one knows that one knows that p) should be rejected. We analyze Williamson’s argument and show that its key premise is ambiguous, and that when it is properly
stated this premise no longer supports the argument against (KK). After canvassing possible objections to our argument, we
reflect upon some conclusions that suggest significant epistemological ramifications pertaining to the acquisition of knowledge
from prior knowledge by deduction.
相似文献
Levi Spectre (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
David Liggins 《Erkenntnis》2008,68(1):113-127
Much recent discussion in the philosophy of mathematics has concerned the indispensability argument—an argument which aims
to establish the existence of abstract mathematical objects through appealing to the role that mathematics plays in empirical
science. The indispensability argument is standardly attributed to W. V. Quine and Hilary Putnam. In this paper, I show that
this attribution is mistaken. Quine’s argument for the existence of abstract mathematical objects differs from the argument
which many philosophers of mathematics ascribe to him. Contrary to appearances, Putnam did not argue for the existence of
abstract mathematical objects at all. I close by suggesting that attention to Quine and Putnam’s writings reveals some neglected
arguments for platonism which may be superior to the indispensability argument.
相似文献
David LigginsEmail: |
15.
André Juthe 《Argumentation》2009,23(2):133-169
This paper discusses the method when an argument is refuted by a parallel argument since the flaw of the parallel argument
is clearly displayed. The method is explicated, examined and compared with two other general methods.
相似文献
André JutheEmail: |
16.
Jussi Haukioja 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(1):145-151
A recent strategy for defending physicalism about the mind against the zombie argument relies on the so-called conditional
analysis of phenomenal concepts. According to this analysis, what kinds of states our phenomenal concepts refer to depends
crucially on whether the actual world is merely physical or not. John Hawthorne, David Braddon-Mitchell and Robert Stalnaker
have claimed, independently, that this analysis explains the conceivability of zombies in a way consistent with physicalism,
thus blocking the zombie argument. Torin Alter has recently presented three arguments against the conditional analysis strategy.
This paper defends the conditional analysis strategy against Alter’s objections.
相似文献
Jussi HaukiojaEmail: |
17.
Jens Johansson 《Philosophia》2009,37(1):87-89
Many philosophers maintain that artworks, such as statues, are constituted by other material objects, such as lumps of marble.
I give an argument against this view, an argument which appeals to mereological simples.
相似文献
Jens JohanssonEmail: |
18.
Harry M. Collins 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(2):309-311
My claim is clear and unambiguous: no machine will pass a well-designed Turing Test unless we find some means of embedding
it in lived social life. We have no idea how to do this but my argument, and all our evidence, suggests that it will not be
a necessary condition that the machine have more than a minimal body. Exactly how minimal is still being worked out.
相似文献
Harry M. CollinsEmail: |
19.
Pascale Hugon 《Argumentation》2008,22(1):93-114
The works of the Tibetan logician Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge (1109–1169) make abundant use of a particular type of argument
that I term ‘argument by parallels’. Their main characteristic is that the instigator of the argument, addressing a thesis
in a domain A, introduces a parallel thesis in an unrelated domain B. And in the ensuing dialogue, each of the instigator’s
statements consists in replicating his interlocutor’s previous assertion, mutatis mutandis, in the other domain (A or B). I show that such a dialogue involves two parallel arguments that develop in an intersecting
zigzag pattern, and discuss the principles involved in the establishment of the conclusion from the perspective of parity
of reasoning and analogical argument. I examine the overall rhetorical strategy directing the use of arguments by parallels
and the pedagogical and explanatory functions they can serve. I also evaluate the plausibility of their use in Phya pa Chos
kyi seng ge’s works mirroring a contemporary practice of oral debate, and reflect on the status of such arguments in the framework
of Indo-Tibetan logic.
相似文献
Pascale HugonEmail: |
20.
Simon J. Evnine 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):91-110
This paper offers two new arguments for a version of Reflection, the principle that says, roughly, that if one knew now what
one would believe in the future, one ought to believe it now. The most prominent existing argument for the principle is the
coherence-based Dutch Strategy argument advanced by Bas van Fraassen (and others). My two arguments are quite different. The
first is a truth-based argument. On the basis of two substantive premises, that people’s beliefs generally get better over
time and that being a person requires having knowledge of this fact, it concludes that it is rational to treat your future
selves as experts. The second argument is a transcendental one. Being a person requires being able to engage in plans and
projects. But these cannot be meaningfully undertaken unless one has Reflection-like expectations about one’s future beliefs.
Hence, satisfaction of Reflection is necessary for being a person. Together, the arguments show that satisfaction of Reflection
is both rational and necessary for persons.
相似文献
Simon J. EvnineEmail: |