学习不良儿童对情绪表达规则的认知特点

采用儿童对情绪表达规则的认知访谈故事,比较了学习不良儿童和一般儿童对情绪表达规则认知的发展特点。结果发现,学习不良儿童表情调节知识水平显著低于一般儿童,性别差异不显著,组别与年级交互作用不显著,表明两组儿童发展趋势类似,发展水平不同;学习不良儿童报告出较少的社会定向目标,自我保护目标得分与一般儿童差异不显著;学习不良儿童缺少根据不同人际关系类型灵活运用情绪表达规则的知识,而且较少把情绪表达规则的使用和目标联系起来     

学习不良儿童心理健康的特点研究

考察学习不良儿童心理健康（学习、自我、人际关系、社会生活适应）的特点。被试为小学3～5年级83名儿童。结果发现：学习不良儿童与一般儿童的心理健康存在显著差异;学习不良儿童的学习、自我、社会生活适应等方面显著低于一般儿童。在学习各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的自我满足感、体脑协调性、学习习惯之间存在显著差异;在自我各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的社会自我、学术自我、自我认同之间存在显著差异;在社会生活适应各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的亲社会行为、居家能力存在显著差异。     

小学学习不良儿童言语交际策略理解水平及其发展特点

采用言语交际策略认知结构访谈故事情境,考察了小学3~6年级学习不良儿童言语交际策略理解水平的发展以及言语行为对其策略理解的影响。被试为两所普通小学儿童,其中学习不良117名,一般儿童124名。结果表明：学习不良儿童言语交际策略理解水平在总体发展上显著落后于一般儿童,但滞后仅存在于意图表达间接程度较高的暗示策略上。其次,在不同言语行为类别上发展趋势不同。对于礼貌请求策略,学习不良儿童不存在显著年级差异,而一般儿童则表现出随年级的增长而逐步提高的趋势;对于委婉应答策略,学习不良儿童存在显著的年级差异。     

学习不良儿童归因特点的研究

考察学习不良儿童归因的特点。被试为小学3～5年级83名儿童。结果发现：对消极事件的归因上,学习不良儿童显著高于一般儿童,年级差异显著,四年级得分显著高于三年级;在消极事件各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童在稳定性维度上差异显著,内部性和普遍性维度的年级差异显著,四年级显著高于三年级。对积极事件的归因上,一般儿童显著高于学习不良儿童;在积极事件各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童在稳定性上差异显著,一般儿童高于学习不良儿童,年级差异显著,三年级显著高于五年级。     

学习不良儿童与一般儿童认知发展、学习动机和家庭资源的比较

运用认知测验法和问卷法,综合考察了167名学习不良儿童和161名一般儿童的认知发展、学习动机和家庭资源的特点,结果表明:与一般儿童相比,学习不良儿童认知发展的速度比较缓慢,对于较简单的认知能力,其年龄差异显着,而对于较复杂的认知能力,年龄差异较小;学习不良儿童的学习动机显着低于一般儿童,但其学习动机与其认知水平呈显着的正相关;学习不良儿童的家庭资源配置与一般儿童相比差异明显.     

学习不良儿童元记忆监测与控制的发展

采用2×3×2的混合设计,在自定步调和对项目逐项评定的学习条件下,对小学四~六年级学习不良儿童的元记忆监测与时间分配策略进行了实验研究。结果表明：在对学习材料难度的有效区分上,学习不良儿童与对照组儿童间无差异,不论学习不良组还是对照组,四年级儿童均不能对实验中配对学习材料难度性质做出明确区分,五、六年级儿童能够很好的区分学习材料难度;在学习判断水平上,五、六年级学习不良儿童均低于对照组儿童,四年级两组之间无差异;从对不同难度学习材料的时间分配来看,四年级学习不良儿童与对照组儿童分配在不同难度材料上的学习时间均无显著差别。五、六年级对照组儿童能够根据学习材料的不同难度分配不同学习时间,而且学习时间分配与难度判断之间存在显著相关。五、六年级学习不良儿童能在一定程度上根据学习材料的不同难度分配不同的学习时间,但这种时间分配与难度判断之间相关未达到显著水平,提示他们尚不能在有效元记忆监测基础上对不同难度学习材料进行合理的时间分配     

学习不良和优良儿童社会信息加工中反应特点比较

采用情境故事和结构性访谈,研究学习不良和学习优良的小学四年级儿童的社会信息加工特点。结果表明,学习不良儿童在社会信息加工过程中的反应数量与质量总体上不如学习优良儿童;学习优良儿童更能注意到特质线索对他人行为的影响,他们在自我估计时体现了有别于他人的行为倾向,而且具有策略性;学习不良儿童更多地依据情境做出对他人行为的判断,无论是社会判断还是自我估计都还停留在非此即彼的水平上。     

学习不良儿童孤独感、同伴接受性的特点及其与家庭功能的关系

采用量表法、同伴提名法、访谈法探讨了小学学习不良儿童孤独感、同伴接受性的特点及其与家庭功能的关系。结果表明,４—６年级小学儿童存在孤独感;与一般儿童相比,学习不良儿童孤独感明显偏高,而同伴接受性明显偏低;同伴接受性与孤独感和家庭功能之间存在显著相关。     

学习不良儿童社会信息加工的特点

设置儿童与同伴、成人相互作用的三类情景,每类情景又分为模糊情景和清晰情景两种情况,通过对51名小学生进行结构性访谈,比较了学习不良儿童与一般儿童在信息加工各阶段的差异。结果发现,无论是模糊情景还是意义清晰情景,学习不良儿童和一般儿童在对权威社会情景进行编码时存在显著差异,学习不良儿童的编码准确性和全面性显著低于一般儿童;在模糊同伴情景下,学习不良儿童的反应数量显著多于一般儿童,其消极或侵犯性的反应也多于一般儿童。     

学习不良儿童元记忆监测特点的研究

采用2×3×3的混合设计,对小学四~六年级61名学习不良儿童在固定学习时间和对项目逐项评定的学习条件下,元记忆监测特点进行了实验研究.结果表明:从元记忆判断等级差异来看,学习不良儿童在难度判断和知晓感判断上与对照组儿童无显著差异,但在学习判断上显著低于对照组儿童;从元记忆监测的准确性看,学习不良儿童元记忆监测水平与对照组儿童的差异主要表现为在个体身上发展较晚的前瞻式记忆监测上.     

The pattern of exceptionality across domains in learning disabled children

The purpose of this study was to examine the intellectual, academic and behavioral competencies in learning disabled and normally achieving children. Fifty-eight pairs of children (LD and non-LD) in first, second, and third grade were administered the WISC-R and the PIAT; were observed with the SCAN Observational System in their regular classroom; and had teachers who filled out the Classroom Behavior Inventory. Results indicated that the LD children performed l less well on the WISC-R and the PIAT. There was no evidence of greater variability within the LD children nor was there a different pattern of performance in comparison to normally achieving children. The learning disabled children were consistently rated by their classroom teachers as displaying less desirable classroom behavior. The Observational System SCAN corroborated these results, indicating that LD children were more off-task than non-LD children. These result suggest that we re-examine the definition of learning disabilities in the public scholl to put more emphasis on behavioral indices and to refocus the interpretation of test scatter as an index of learning disabilities.     

学习困难儿童的元记忆监测与控制特点

以有无意义联系的两种中文词对为材料,采用2×3×2混合实验设计,对小学三到五年级学习困难儿童的元记忆监测、控制水平与学优儿童之间的差异及其发展特点进行研究。结果表明：1．学习困难儿童在三种元记忆监测判断等级上均显著低于学优儿童。2．学习困难儿童具有元记忆控制能力,但其控制水平相对低于学优儿童。3．学习困难儿童的元记忆监测判断和学习时间分配之间存在交互影响。4．学习困难儿童的元记忆监测和控制水平存在较为复杂的发展特点。据此得出结论认为,学习困难儿童的元记忆监测与控制能力都比学优儿童差,同时也表现出一定的发展趋势。     

Self-esteem Among Ethnic Minorities and Three Principles of Self-esteem Formation: Turkish Children in The Netherlands

This study explores the importance of reflected appraisal, social comparison and self-attribution as sources of “academic” self-esteem among ethnic minority children. Turkish children in The Netherlands scored significantly lower on a standardized test of Dutch language command but did not have lower academic self-esteem in comparison with Dutch classmates. Self-attributed performance was the only important source of self-esteem among the Dutch. It was also an important source among the Turkish children in addition, however, to the perceived appraisal of Dutch classmates. These results indicate that to understand the level of self-esteem among different groups it seems necessary to concentrate on the processes of self-esteem formation and the way they operate in these groups. It is suggested that minority position and culture can affect the importance attached to different sources of self-esteem.     

Teachers' and mothers' academic achievement expectations for learning disabled children

The present study investigated teachers and mothers academic achievement expectations for learning disabled and normally achieving grade 3 children. Both groups had similar WISC-R mean Full Scale IQ scores, ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. It was found that teachers and mothers had significantly lower academic expectations for learning disabled children. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of positive affective development for learning disabled children and the need for more encouraging attitudes on the part of teachers and parents.     

Contrasting two models of academic self‐efficacy – domain‐specific versus cross‐domain – in children receiving and not receiving special instruction in mathematics

In social cognitive theory, self‐efficacy is domain‐specific. An alternative model, the cross‐domain influence model, would predict that self‐efficacy beliefs in one domain might influence performance in other domains. Research has also found that children who receive special instruction are not good at estimating their performance. The aim was to test two models of how self‐efficacy beliefs influence achievement, and to contrast children receiving special instruction in mathematics with normally‐achieving children. The participants were 73 fifth‐grade children who receive special instruction and 70 children who do not receive any special instruction. In year four and five, the children's skills in mathematics and reading were assessed by national curriculum tests, and in their fifth year, self‐efficacy in mathematics and reading were measured. Structural equation modeling showed that in domains where children do not receive special instruction in mathematics, self‐efficacy is a mediating variable between earlier and later achievement in the same domain. Achievement in mathematics was not mediated by self‐efficacy in mathematics for children who receive special instruction. For normal achieving children, earlier achievement in the language domain had an influence on later self‐efficacy in the mathematics domain, and self‐efficacy beliefs in different domains were correlated. Self‐efficacy is mostly domain specific, but may play a different role in academic performance depending on whether children receive special instruction. The results of the present study provided some support of the Cross‐Domain Influence Model for normal achieving children.     

A comparison of classmate and self-evaluation of dysphoric and nondysphoric Chinese students

Forty dysphoric and thirty-nine nondysphoric Chinese college students participated in this study. Subjects completed forms on performance standard setting, self-evaluation, and self-perceived efficacy for their academic performance and social skills. Two classmates of each subject were asked to appraise the subject's level of academic performance, social skills, and academic efficacy. The results showed that although there was no difference between the standards the subjects set for themselves in the two groups, dysphorics showed lower self-evaluation, and self-perceived efficacy than nondysphorics. In comparison with their classmates' appraisals, dysphorics rated themselves lower both on their academic performance and social skills, whereas their efficacy judgements coincided with their classmates' appraisals. The findings suggest that depressed people are sadder but not wiser when self-evaluation and self-efficacy are taken into consideration.     

Effects of computer-assisted practice on reading and spelling in children with learning disabilities

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of computer-assisted practice on reading and spelling in children with learning disabilities (LD). We compared three practice conditions, one with reading and two with spelling, in order to test whether computer-based reading and spelling practice has an influence on the development of reading and spelling ability in children with LD. A sample was selected of 85 children with LD, with age range between 8 years and 10 years (age, M=111.02, SD=9.6), whose spelling performance was two years below grade level. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) Copy the target word from the computer screen (n=22), 2) Memorize the target word and write it from memory (n=21), 3) Word reading (n=21), and 4) the untrained control group (n=21). We administered measures of pseudoword reading, phonological awareness, phonological word decoding and orthographical word decoding tasks. We examined the learning effects and transfer effects on words classified as a function of length, consistency, and complexity of syllable structure. Overall, the results showed that reading training did not improve spelling; however, the children who participated in the copy training condition improved their spelling skills.     

Development of learning-disabled and normally achieving children's causal attributions

The causal attributions of learning-disabled (LD) and normally achieving (NA) children in grades 3 through 8 were compared. Attributions were measured by two scales that asked children to attribute hypothetical academic failure situations to factors that were either within (e.g., insufficient effort) or beyond (e.g., insufficient ability, blaming others) their control. Consistent with a learned helplessness hypothesis, LD girls, regardless of age, were more likely than NA children to attribute their failures to factors beyond their control. In contrast, LD boys' explanations for their failures paralleled those of NA children. That is, with increasing age the LD boys were more likely to attribute their failures to insufficient effort. Explanations and implications of sex differences in developmental patterns of LD children's causal attributions are discussed.The authors wish to thank Ruth Dusseault and Betty Wallace for their help in conducting this research. We also wish to thank the teachers, children, and administrators from the Leon County Schools for their cooperation.     

儿童孤独感与同伴关系、社会行为及社交自我知觉的研究

本研究采用同伴提名法和问卷调查法对3-6年级儿童共600名进行了研究,试图考察儿童孤独感与同伴关系、社会行为及社交自我知觉的关系。结果表明:(1)受欢迎组儿童的孤独感显著低于被拒绝组、被忽视组、有争议组和一般组;一般组儿童的孤独感显著低于被拒绝组和被忽视组。(2)社交自我知觉较高的儿童的孤独感显著低于社交自我知觉一般和较低的儿童,社交自我知觉一般的儿童的孤独感显著低于社交自我知觉较低的儿童。(3)高攻击型儿童的孤独感高于低攻击型儿童,但没有达到显著水平;高退缩型儿童的孤独感显著高于一般退缩型和低退缩型儿童,一般退缩型儿童的孤独感显著高于低退缩型的儿童。