Experiences in K and K

In this paper the author explores and expands Bion's concepts of K and -K and delineates the nature of the relationship between the two. While Bion views envy as a principal motivating force for –K, his conception of –K goes considerably beyond this. The author explores manifestations of –K not driven by envy and, consequently, not necessarily pathological or pathogenic. –K is viewed by the author as a psychological process, which may serve many functions, including the communication of the patient's fear that knowing will bring on psychological catastrophe. –K, under circumstances that he describes, may serve to protect the individual's sense of continuity of being. The need to know the truth (K) may be at odds with the need to survive psychically, for example, when a person fears that the truth will kill him, or those he loves and depends upon. This idea is explored in two ways: first, by means of a discussion of the Oedipus myth in which Oedipus attempts to evade knowing for fear of recognizing that a prophesied catastrophe has already occurred; and, second, by means of a clinical exploration of the confiict between the need to know and the need to survive. The author discusses his analytic work with a severely disturbed patient for whom not knowing was felt to be essential to her psychic survival. Her need not to know reached a point where she psychically obliterated the analyst through the use of negative hallucination.     

Gun culture and symbolism among U.K. and U.S. women

The authors explored attitudes of young women in the United Kingdom (n = 108) and the United States (n = 91) toward (a) the possession and use of guns through the Attitude to Guns Scale (N. R. Branscombe, J. A. Weir, & P. Crosby, 1992) and (b) guns' perceived functional and symbolic significance through the Symbolic Nature of Guns Scale (C. A. Cooke & J. E. Puddifoot, 1997). There were significant differences in beliefs concerning the right to own a gun and the protective effect of guns but not in the perceived contribution of guns to crime. Although neither group strongly equated guns symbolically with power or control, the U.S. women were more likely to perceive guns as expressions of freedom or independence, and the U.K. women were more likely to view guns as expressions of danger and violence. The findings were contextualized by comparison with samples of male control participants of similar ages.     

Gun Culture and Symbolism Among U.K. and U.S. Women

Abstract

The authors explored attitudes of young women in the United Kingdom (n = 108) and the United States (n = 91) toward (a) the possession and use of guns through the Attitude to Guns Scale (N. R. Branscombe, J. A. Weir, & P. Crosby, 1992) and (b) guns' perceived functional and symbolic significance through the Symbolic Nature of Guns Scale (C. A. Cooke & J. E. Puddifoot, 1997). There were significant differences in beliefs concerning the right to own a gun and the protective effect of guns but not in the perceived contribution of guns to crime. Although neither group strongly equated guns symbolically with power or control, the U.S. women were more likely to perceive guns as expressions of freedom or independence, and the U.K. women were more likely to view guns as expressions of danger and violence. The findings were contextualized by comparison with samples of male control participants of similar ages.     

刘易斯的模态实在论:诘难与答复

刘易斯(David.K.Lewis)的模态实在论(modal realism)是可能世界理论的其中一种,其目的在于对模态语义学给出恰当的解释。模态语义学的核心概念是可能世界,但哲学家、逻辑学家对什么是可能世界却无一致看法。至少可以区分出三种观点:语言学的观点;概念论者的观点;实在论者的观点。[1]刘易斯的模态实在论是第三种实在论观点的代表。模态实在论(有时也称为“极端模态实在论”、“极端实在论”或者“模态柏拉图主义”),简单地说就是这样一种本体理论:“我们作为一个部分所属的世界只是众多世界之一,居住在这个世界的我们只是处于所有世界的所…     

马克思主义关于农业经济形态理论的新发展——读考茨基《土地问题》和列宁《土地问题笔记,1901-1915年》

在史学界对西方农业史的研究中,我国相当一部分学者仍然是按照马克思在19世纪中期前后从对英国农业分析中得出的某此结构去理解西方农业史的发展规律,这种规律以"两极分化"和"小农的消灭"为主要内容.