Effects of Participation in Decision Making on Performance and Employee Attitudes: A Quality Circles Meta-analysis

This study explores the effects of a participative technique, quality circles (QCs), on several employee attitudes and performance. The sample included 36 studies with 42 independent samples. Mean effect sizes were small for employee attitudes and moderate for job performance suggesting QCs affected job performance to a greater degree than employee attitudes. For organizations involved in quality management these results seem to suggest that quality interventions have a stronger impact on job performance than on employee attitudes. The study conclusions provide a positive outlook on the effects of total quality management interventions on productivity.     

Factors Affecting Employer Preference for Female Managerial Applicants

This study examines aspects of job interview behavior that influence employer preference for a female applicant for a managerial position in the human service field. The authors used an analogue methodology simulating videotaped job interview vignettes to present a female applicant exhibiting varying leadership and personality styles, ranging from a “warm” cooperative style to a “cold” task-oriented style. Employers in the human services field rated their preference for the simulated applicants. There were significant differences in preference for the various types of applicants; the most preferred were those who combined warmth with goal-oriented leadership skills.     

情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展

近年,情绪对于人类认知过程的作用正逐步受到研究者的重视．尤其是情绪对决策的影响备受关注,相继产生了多种情绪与决策的相关理论。本文旨在对现有的国外情绪与决策的相关理论进行梳理．同时对其影响机制和实验范式的演化及发展趋势进行概要性展望,以期为未来情绪与决策的研究提供可借鉴的研究思路和实验方法。     

The Default Position: Optimizing Pediatric Participation in Medical Decision Making

Inclusion of children in medical decision making, to the extent of their ability and interest in doing so, should be the default position, ensuring that children are routinely given a voice. However, optimizing the involvement of children in their health care decisions remains challenging for clinicians. Missing from the literature is a stepwise approach to assessing when and how a child should be included in medical decision making. We propose a systematic approach for doing so, and we apply this approach in a discussion of two challenging clinical cases. The approach is informed by a literature review, and is anchored by case studies of teenagers' refusal of clinical care, regulatory requirements for research assent, and the accepted approach to involving cognitively impaired adults in medical decisions.     

团队决策及其影响因素

随着组织结构的变化,团队决策为越来越多的组织所采用。该文将团队决策的研究范式概括为以下四类：社会决策图式（social decision scheme, SDS）、信息取样模型（information sampling model）、项目排序任务（ranking item task）团队以及组织中以安全优先的团队（safety priority team）;并从影响团队决策的因素,提高团队决策质量的策略等角度分别对四类团队决策的研究进行探讨,在此基础上本文对未来研究进行了展望     

异质性人工髁突修复重建颞下颌关节的相关临床决策因素

以修复下颌骨髁突缺损、重建接近生理形态和功能的颞下颌关节为目标,通过系统查阅文献并结合临床观察进行综合整理分析,总结出异质性人工髁突修复重建颞下颌关节的适应证、术后并发症、手术后长期观察,并与自体骨移植重建颞下颌关节和异质性全关节置换重建颞下颌关节分别进行了对比,由此提供异质性人工髁突修复重建颞下颌关节的相关临床决策因素.     

时间方向等因素影响跨期决策的实验研究

跨期决策中主要存在三个价值不对等现象:时间折扣、符号效应和过去、未来的价值不对等,上述不对等现象涉及到时间距离、时间方向和损益情境三个主要评价维度。本研究旨在通过实验考察时间距离、时间方向和损益情境在跨期决策中的相互作用。通过设置获益(中奖)和损失(罚款)的假想场景,要求被试对不同时间距离、不同时间方向上的决策任务作出判断,根据双曲模型,计算时间折扣率。结果,时间距离影响未来方向决策,而不影响过去方向决策;相同时间距离条件下,未来方向折扣率显著大于过去方向折扣率;损失折扣率大于获益折扣率,得到"反符号效应"。     

社会技能构成因素及其意义

阐述了社会技能的构成因素,其主要包括自信、报答与强化、非言语交流技能、言语交流技能、同理心、合作、关心他人等;以及社会技能对个体的社会支持、心身健康和工作效率的影响。     

浅析当前临床科学决策的几个影响因素

随着循证医学在我国的发展和"医疗举证责任倒置"等相关法律的实施,我国临床医生在进行诊治决策时已逐步向临床科学决策迈进。而防御性医疗、不健全的医疗制度及相关法律等却严重影响着这一科学决策的转变过程。只有有效解决了导致干扰科学决策的各种社会影响因素,如扩大基本医疗保险的覆盖率,实施医疗风险保险制度,提高医务人员认知和职业素质,保障行医安全等,临床科学决策的真正落实就大有希望。     

浅析当前临床科学决策的几个影响因素

随着循证医学在我国的发展和"医疗举证责任倒置"等相关法律的实施,我国临床医生在进行诊治决策时已逐步向临床科学决策迈进.而防御性医疗、不健全的医疗制度及相关法律等却严重影响着这一科学决策的转变过程.只有有效解决了导致干扰科学决策的各种社会影响因素,如扩大基本医疗保险的覆盖率,实施医疗风险保险制度,提高医务人员认知和职业素质,保障行医安全等,临床科学决策的真正落实就大有希望.     

The Effects of Interfirm Mobility and Individual versus Group Decision Making on Managerial Time Horizons

We conducted an experimental simulation to examine the impact of inter-firm mobility and individual versus group decision making on managerial time horizons. Subjects played the role of firm members in a market consisting of several firms between which there existed the possibility of mobility. Within each firm, over several rounds of play, subjects decided how much to withdraw from a limited fund. Funds not withdrawn received a positive expected return. We manipulated two variables: the rate of interfirm mobility and whether firm decision makers consisted of groups of five or of individual decision makers. Both factors significantly influenced withdrawals. High interfirm mobility led to high rates of withdrawal. In addition, individual decision makers withdrew more money than groups.     

Cognitive Factors Affecting the Use of Social Decision Heuristics in Resource-Sharing Tasks

Two experiments investigated the use of equal division as a social decision heuristic in a group resource-sharing task. We proposed that group members use equality as a decision heuristic to the extent that environmental cues making the rule salient are present and to the extent that competing cues are absent. In Study 1, subjects were provided with justification for being the first group member to withdraw resources from a common pool. The results showed that subjects for whom the justification was prototypical of resource-sharing situations were more likely to violate equality than were subjects with nonprototypical justifications. Study 2 investigated the extent to which arbitrary role assignments within a group affect choice behavior. As predicted, subjects assigned the role of "supervisor" made resource requests that exceeded an equal share, whereas subjects assigned the roles of either "leader" or "guide" made choices that corresponded almost precisely with equal division. Our results underscore the importance of examining implicit knowledge structures about resource-sharing situations and their implications for choice.     

为临床决策的科学化而努力

当今,我国的临床医学实践正面临着深刻的挑战.摆在我们面前的现实是:一方面,医学科学的快速发展,为许多疾病的诊断和治疗提供了多种选择,为诊疗最优化提供了广阔的空间;另一方面,我们在应用医学发展提供的科学成果为病人诊治时,由于医生的学术基础、临床经验、诊疗决策、治疗动机的差异,其效果差别极大.辽宁省抗癌协会最近的一项抽样调查表明,该省癌症的规范化治疗率仅为32.46%,其中A级医院不规范治疗为53.21%,B级医院不规范治疗为66.49%,C级医院不规范治疗高达96.69%.