经济体制改革中的组织发展研究

“组织发展”在中国还是一门新崛起的学科。在我国的改革的号召下,“组织发展”的实践却领先于理论的研究。农村的改革,给农民带来了自主权,取得了很大的成功,极大地推动了工业改革。开始,我们试行了弹性工时制,接着推行了目标管理,进而扩大到满负荷工作法和预见管理。同时我们又必须克服工人的短期行为,培养他们对企业长期利益的认同感,如今还在研究集中管理和分权管理,即参与管理的问题。我们深信,组织的发展最终还是取决于工人的素质,而训练和教育则是必然的手段。     

Environmental psychology in the U.S.S.R.

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 19th National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Boston, November, 5, 1987.     

School psychology in the U.S.S.R.

Soviet psychologists perform various tasks and provide useful psychological services for pupils and educators. This article describes the general characteristics of education and the preparation and research of psychologists in the U.S.S.R. Also discussed are current practices and emerging trends relating to the establishment of school-based psychological services as well as future developments that may lead to the enhancement of the profession of school psychology in the Soviet Union.     

Qualifications for Membership in the A.G.P.A.

A model of the development of group therapists is presented. It is proposed that student group therapists proceed through a sequence of stages, each of which is marked by characteristic therapist behavior. During the initial Group shock phase, the student reacts to the novelty of group therapy stimuli with individual therapy or content-oriented approaches. Reappraisal is a period of some therapist inhibition, frustration, or self-doubt. One step behind is a phase characterized by a gradual recognition of the process level of analysis, despite difficulty supplying the interventions autonomously. Using the here-and-now is a period of active intervention about interpersonal phenomena among group members. The techniques for highlighting this material are refined in the Polishing skills phase. The usefulness of models in training is discussed.     

现象学运动在美国的发展

在20世纪初期,当现象学在德国诞生时,美国哲学界盛行的是实用主义和分析哲学.20世纪30年代前后,现象学在德国达到了繁荣时期,并逐渐传播到了美国.经过几十年的发展,特别是从20世纪60年代开始到现在,现象学(以及在现象学基础上发展起来的存在主义、诠释学)已经逐步被美国哲学界接受,并成为实用主义和分析哲学之外的另一门显学.     

Studies in spatial learning. I. Orientation and the short-cut. 1946.

1. The original rough formulation of the expectancy theory is difficult to distinguish from the alternative stimulus-response doctrines. Part of this difficulty results from the fact that implicit in this rough formulation, is a definition of the matrix "x expects a goal at location L," which makes it equivalent to the matrix "x runs down the practiced path," when certain conditions are fulfilled. Because of this difficulty, we have rejected this definition. 2. We have suggested instead a definition of the matrix "x expects a goal at location L" which makes it equivalent to the matrix "x runs down the path which points directly to the location L," when certain conditions are fulfilled. 3. To determine whether rats will run down such a path, whenever the original path is blocked, we have run 56 female rats in a situation which conformed to these conditions. 4. Thirty-six percent of the rats chose the path which pointed directly towards the location of the goal. The remaining rats were distributed over the other paths in a chance fashion. 5. We have concluded (1) that rats do learn to expect goals in specific locations, (2) that there are important similarities between this behavior and human symbolic behavior, and (3) that these similarities justify our using the word 'expectation' as a name for the disposition to short-cut when the original patch is blocked.     

Computers in psychology teaching in the U.K.

This paper describes the first year of operation of the CTI Centre for Psychology, which pro-motes the use of computers in psychology teaching in the U.K. We outline current use of computers in teaching and some of the obstacles to the effective development of computer-supported courses. In particular, we focus on the need for closer integration of innovative forms of teaching into courses. We describe the Centre’s strategy for supporting both conventional and innovative computer-supported teaching, and argue that effective use of software depends on both the instructional situation and the educational context.     

Atomic mean-square displacements in f.c.c. metals

Abstract

In two recent letters, one by Zoli in 1991, and the other by Schober in 1992, the evaluation of the quasiharmonic and anharmonic contributions to the atomic mean-square displacement (MSD) for f.c.c. metals has been discussed. In Zoli's work, the difference in the two contributions is found to be 91%. Schober, on the other hand, has not evaluated the explicit anharmonic contribution to MSD. The huge difference in Zoli's work is shown here to be due to an inaccurate evaluation of the explicit anharmonic contribution to MSD. A proper self-contained method as presented here, which employs the same model in the quasiharmonic and anharmonic calculations of MSD or Debye-Waller factor, indeed shows that the two contributions differ from each other by 10–15% depending on the temperature. Larger differences exist at higher temperatures. Some numerical results are given for a model of the f.c.c. lattice, namely a nearest-neighbour central force model employing a Lennard-Jones potential (applicable to rare-gas solids) and the Morse potential as a model for Cu.     

Psychological factors in abortion. A review.

Psychological research is increasingly involved in debates regarding abortion. While recognizing the diversity of ethical and moral issues intertwined with abortion, the American Psychological Association (APA) has focused its involvement on psychological factors, most recently by appointing an expert panel to review the literature on psychological effects. This article notes the history of APA involvement and reports on the panel's conclusions. It presents evidence that abortion is not likely to be followed by severe psychological responses and that psychological aspects can best be understood within a framework of normal stress and coping rather than a model of psychopathology. Correlates of more negative responses following abortion are also discussed.     

Landmark-based spatial search in honeybees. I.

Honeybees were trained to find sugar water in the middle of an array of two landmarks of different colours. Unrewarded tests compared searching on the training array with searching on rotated arrays. On rotated tests, a system using the angles between landmarks would continue to search in the middle. A system using vectors to individual elements would search at locations outside the rotated array at which the distances and compass directions to a subset of landmarks matched. Results indicated that bees used both elements and interlandmark angles, but they relied most on one favourite landmark element. Results support the template model of landmark use in honeybees, with the minor parametric modification that weights given to different elements may be unequal. Received:6 July 1998 / Accepted after revision:7 December 1998