儿童在回答无意义问题时的反应倾向与年龄特征

研究设计了无意义问题来考察5、6、81、0岁共128名儿童在回答问题时的反应倾向。研究结果发现:(1)5~10岁儿童在回答无意义问题时,存在猜测答案的倾向,且受问题形式的影响。较开放问题,儿童在面对封闭问题时猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(2)在无意义的非比较问题上,随年龄的增长,儿童猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(3)5~10岁儿童回答封闭的非比较问题时存在否定反应倾向,但在封闭的比较问题上则不存在这种倾向。     

毛泽东和波普尔问题观的比较研究

本文主要从研究经历、元问题研究、问题认识论研究和问题方法论研究四个方面比较毛泽东问题观与波普尔问题观。在元问题研究方面,通过对波普尔的"问题困难说"、"问题张力说"和毛泽东的"问题矛盾说"进行分析、比较,指出问题矛盾说比问题困难说和张力说能更好地理解问题。在问题认识论研究方面,比较了波普尔以科学知识增长"四段模式"为核心的科学问题认识论和毛泽东以广义问题解决过程模型为核心的一般哲学问题认识论,指出了它们的之间的差异和互补性。在问题方法论研究方面,通过比较波普尔的"猜想——反驳方法论"和毛泽东的广义问题解决方法论,分析了波普尔问题方法论的局部深刻性,指出了毛泽东问题方法论的丰富性和全面性。     

对青少年问题行为的因素结构及其跨性别和跨年龄一致性的研究

Jessor曾提出问题行为理论,认为可用一个公共因素解释青少年的饮酒、性行为、违纪等问题行为。本文试图利用吸烟、饮酒、性活动、违纪四项指标,以验证型因素分析方法,对问题行为的单因素模型进行验证。结果显示:各种问题行为之间均存在正相关关系;初高中男女生的问题行为都可以用一个公共因素解释;并且除性活动在公共因素上的负荷为初中女生略高外,其余的负荷系数在初高中男女学生之间是不变的。本研究不仅在中国青少年中验证了问题行为的单因素结构,对中学生问题行为的预防和干预也有重要的提示作用。     

口腔种植诊疗实践中的思考

口腔种植现已经出现在人们的视线里,它具有一定的特殊性和优越性,能够解决常规修复手段不能解决的问题,然而在临床应用中,需要考虑和处理的问题往往很复杂。因此有必要在临床实践中运用辩证思维及循证医学的思想,在诊断中全面考虑、周密计划;在治疗中处理问题、解决难点;在随访中发现问题,促进发展。     

道·言·智·境:中国哲学诠释学传统及其问题

哲学诠释学面对的基本问题是语言与存在的关系问题。在对这个基本问题的看法上,中国哲学发展了不同于西方哲学诠释学的传统,即突出了人的主体性问题。西方哲学诠释学关注的主要问题有两个：道与言,而中国哲学诠释学关注的问题则有四个：道、言、智、境。中国哲学诠释学具有逻辑的自足性与自洽性,它在历史的展开过程中呈现为思想理论的圆环。     

眼动技术在阅读研究中的应用

眼动技术在英文阅读研究中被广泛的应用,可以探测阅读活动中的即时加工过程。在中文阅读研究中,眼动技术的应用还刚刚起步。文章讨论了眼动技术在阅读研究中的一些基本问题,如眼脑距离问题、知觉广度问题、阅读研究中眼动分析指标的选择问题等,希望能对没有进行过眼动基础问题研究的中文阅读研究有一定启发。     

流动儿童的问题行为与人格、家庭功能的关系

以北京市806名流动儿童和319名城市儿童为被试,采用问题行为问卷、小五人格问卷和家庭功能问卷,考察流动儿童问题行为的特点及其与城市儿童的差异,并探讨人格和家庭功能对流动儿童问题行为的影响。结果发现:(1)流动儿童内、外化问题行为的自我报告率分别达到了31.0%2、0.1%,与城市儿童相比,流动儿童的内化问题行为较为突出。(2)人格的情绪性、开放性显著正向预测流动儿童的内化问题题行为,外向性、家庭功能的亲密度显著负向预测其内化问题行为,情绪性、开放性显著正向预测流动儿童的外化问题行为,宜人性、谨慎性、亲密度显著负向预测外化问题行为。(3)人格在家庭功能的亲密度与内化问题行为之间起部分中介作用,在亲密度与外化问题行为之间起完全中介作用。     

法华精神与人类宗教的未来——序心皓法师《〈法华经〉学修旨要》

宗教是解决人生问题的,当宗教自身成为问题时,也就意味着我们的人生、我们的社会、我们的文化发生了问题。这段话,是我1993年7月参加河北赵县柏林寺首届生活禅夏令营,在开营式上代表学者致辞中所言。所谓宗教问题,在当今世界一体化的文化语     

人际关系与高中生内外化问题的关系:自尊的中介及性别的调节作用

为了解亲子关系、师生关系和同伴关系对高中生内外化问题的相对影响大小,并探究自尊的中介作用,采用问卷法对北京4所中学共计794名高中生进行了调查。结果发现：（1）师生关系对于高中生内外化问题的影响大于亲子关系和同伴关系的影响;（2）自尊在亲子、师生、同伴关系与高中生内化问题中起中介作用,而在亲子、师生同伴关系与外化问题中的中介作用不显著;（3）性别差异检验发现,自尊在女生同伴关系与内化问题中起完全中介作用,而在男生同伴关系与内化问题的中介作用不显著。     

中学生问题行为群体特征的多视角研究

以北京市中学生为被试,自编中学生问题行为自我评定、教师评定和家长评定三视角问卷,研究中学生问题行为的结构和群体特征,结果表明:(1)中学生问题行为评定存在跨评定者的六因子多质多法(multitrait—multimethod,MTMM)结构模型。(2)性别差异分析表明在学业不适、攻击行为和违纪行为上三视角均显示男生都显著高于女生,但是在内倾问题上自评问卷显示在神经质、退缩行为和考试焦虑上女生比男生高,教师评定只有在考试焦虑上女生高于男生,而家长评定内倾问题上性别差异基本不显著。(3)自评问卷在六因子和问题总分上还显示了年级差异,教师评定三个因子有年级差异,家长评定年级差异基本上不显著。(4)三视角对应因子间呈中低水平相关,在学业和破坏性较大的外倾问题上的相关高于在内倾问题上的相关。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.