儒学的批判性与批判儒学

<正>儒学历来都具有批判性,这种批判性既表现在对世俗社会风气、政治上的不合理之处展开批判,亦表现在对儒家以外其他各家思想的批判方面,当然还表现在对儒学内部不同     

儒学小议

<正> 最近由中国孔子基金会、浙江社会科学院与浙江衢州市人民政府三个单位,在孔氏南宗的所在地衢州联合主办了“儒学与浙江文化”讨论会。孔氏南宗七十五代孙孔祥楷应邀参加会议。他在会上说,孔子的思想在我国延续了几千年,成为中华民族的精神支柱,这说明它至今仍有很强的生命力。但《论语》语言简要,虽然历代解释《论语》的著作汗牛充栋,恐怕很难解释清楚孔子的     

从宋明新儒学到现代新儒学

作者从中国文化哲学、传统学、新人学而进入和合学的探讨,认为和合学是中国传统文化的精髓,具有首要价值,是超越宋明新儒学和现代新儒学的尝试。作者指出,宋明新儒学的缺陷是把此在所以然与彼在所以然混淆起来。现代新儒学接着宋明新儒学讲,而有新理学、新心学、新气学之分。现代新儒学的基本内涵是;以民族生存的关切情怀,以融摄西方文化之新,而归宗为儒学的精神价值,并以重建儒家形上学为理论核心,以重立儒家理想价值为职志,以开出现代新“外王” 为标的,体现出对于文化危机的反思,意义世界的追求,终极关怀的寻觅。但在当前现代化潮流的冲击下,都有成为旧学的趋势。     

新儒学:向儒学原旨的复归和对儒学的发展

<正> 新儒学是两宋文化的主流,其特点是儒家在充分吸收其他学派思想成分后和在新的历史条件下向经典儒学原旨的复归。经典儒学,即以《论》、《孟》、《学》、《庸》、《易传》为代表的先秦儒学是由孔子建立的关于“修己”和“安人”之道的人道学说,这一学说后经孟子、《中庸》、《易传》的发展被奠立在“性与天道”的形而上学     

国际儒学联合会

正国际儒学联合会(英文名称为:International Confucian Association,简称:ICA)由中国、韩国、日本、美国、德国、新加坡、越南等国家和香港、台湾地区与儒学研究有关的学术团体共同发起,于1994年10月5日正式成立,是具有法人地位的国际性学术机构,会址设在中国北京。国际儒学联合会的宗旨是:研究儒学思想,继承儒学精华,发扬儒学精神,以促进人类之自由平等、和平发展与持久繁荣。国际儒学联合会的具体工作包括:开展学术研     

儒学在当代中国——记儒学国际会议

本文反映了一位日本著名学者眼中的当代中国儒学观,在国外颇具代表性。特予刊出,以飨读者。     

潍坊儒学研究会

潍坊儒学研究会 ,成立于 1 996年 1月 ,是由潍坊市儒学研究者组成的群众性学术团体 ,目前有会员 40余人。其宗旨是 :积极组织和开展儒学及其相关学科的研究 ,坚持理论联系实际和“古为今用”的方针 ,促进本地区传统文化研究工作的繁荣与发展 ,为社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设服务。首任会长为常溪。现任会长为刘保富 ,名誉会长为孙善友、汤恩佳、羊涤生、骆承烈、常溪。潍坊儒学研究会自成立以来 ,在当地政府的大力支持下 ,在社会各界朋友的关怀、支持下 ,在各位名誉会长、会长的带领下 ,全体同仁齐心协力 ,发扬孔子所讲“和而不同”、“…     

广西儒学学会

广西儒学学会 ,是具有法人资格的群众性学术团体 ,以研究、弘扬祖国的优秀传统文化 ,特别是儒学思想精华为宗旨 ,主要业务范围是 :研究中国思想文化史 ,特别是儒家学派创始人孔子的哲学思想、教育思想、道德观念、社会理想等 ;研究孔子的继承人孟子、荀子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明、陈宏谋、梁漱溟等的哲学思想和教育思想及其社会实践 ;进行古代文化典籍的研究和整理 ;重点研究传统儒学与现代化的关系 ,中华优秀传统文化对建构社会主义精神文明的作用 ;举行有关传统文化的研究活动。该学会 1 995年在桂林市成立 ,会长为马勇 ,第一副会长为莫珍…     

儒学的一种缺弱:私德与公德

In a society dominated by Confucian ethics, a spirit of Confucian public morality can be seen in the Confucian debate over publicness and privateness, but it is usually activated in circumstances of large ethical crisis. Confucian theory mainly uses ethical relationships to create self and social identities, causing problems of identification in the public life and hindering the expression of moral feelings and actions, thus revealing a weakness in public morality. This is a space that Confucianism has not yet been able to cover, and also where it has room for growth. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Wen Shi Zhe 文史哲 (Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy), 2006, (1): 30–36     

New Approaches to Teaching Early Confucianism

Teachers are often tempted to present early Confucianism as an abstract ethical philosophy whose wisdom stands outside of time and space. Nevertheless, this kind of rarefied treatment makes it difficult for students to understand. Instead, one should try to make Confucianism more tangible by firmly placing it in its historical and intellectual context. This can be done in the following ways: Use indigenous nomenclature for words like “Confucius” and “Confucianism.” Closely examine the history and character of the Confucian community. Draw attention to the overwhelming importance of ritual in Confucian doctrine. Underline the all-encompassing nature of Confucian religiosity. Show the popular stories and images by which Confucians transmitted their teachings. Although these methods focus on the otherness of early Confucianism and thereby might make it less appealing to modern tastes, they will provide students with a lively and vivid image of the early tradition and its advocates.     

On The Universal and Local Aspects of Confucianism

To counter the tendency of making Confucianism “localized” and thereby turning Confucianism research into research of local social history, the author criticizes this tendency and thinks it is unilateral to emphasize or stress the importance of a small unit’s locality, but ignore the oneness of the distribution of Confucianism and the universality of Confucian thought. The thesis emphasizes that the main schools of Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties are all not local ones and cannot be reduced to reflections of some local need and social structure. The author points out that we need to self-examine the following phenomena: aggrandizing the function of local social structure to culture and thought, coming down academic schools to reflections of local social benefits, opposing this kind of research to the research of thought itself, thus rejecting philosophical research and analysis of thought itself.     

Trouble with Korean Confucianism: Scholar-Official Between Ideal and Reality

This essay attempts a philosophical reflection of the Confucian ideal of “scholar-official” in Joseon Korea’s neo-Confucian context. It explores why this noble ideal of a Confucian public being had to suffer many moral-political problems in reality. It argues first that because the institution of Confucian scholar-official was actually a modus-operandi compromise between Confucianism and Legalism, the Confucian scholar-officials were torn between their ethical commitment to Confucianism and their political commitment to the state; and second, that because the Cheng-Zhu neo-Confucianism vigorously imported and indigenized by Joseon Koreans exalted the family over the state, Joseon neo-Confucian scholar-officials were torn between two competing moral obligations, filiality and loyalty. The essay concludes by discussing whether, given the problems with which the ideal of the Confucian scholar-official was frequently entangled, liberal individualism should be pursued as its normative alternative.     

Confucianism,Perfectionism, and Liberal Society

Confucian scholars should satisfy two conditions insofar as they think their theories enable Confucianism to make contributions to liberal politics and social policy. The liberal accommodation condition stipulates that the theory in question should accommodate as many reasonable conceptions of the good and religious doctrines as possible while the intelligibility condition stipulates that the theory must have a recognizable Confucian character. By and large, Joseph Chan’s Confucian perfectionism is able to satisfy the above two conditions. However, contrary to Chan and many other Confucian scholars, I argue that any active promotion of Confucianism will violate the liberal accommodation condition. I propose the “wide view of moderate perfectionism,” which enables Confucianism to shed light on a wide range of political and social issues without promoting Confucianism actively. Thus, I present a new approach to the long-standing question of how Confucianism may improve political and social development in a liberal society.     

A reconstruction of contemporary Confucianism as a form of knowledge

Traditional Confucianism might be likened to a great tree, with various branches and trends of thought emerging from common roots. Continuing with this metaphor, Confucianism as a form of knowledge might be regarded as a main branch, and the resulting form of Confucianism constitutes the main body of Chinese learning. Due to modern society’s transformation, Confucianism as a form of knowledge has begun to disappear and the form of Confucianism which has its own discourse system and problem consciousness has become a disconnected tradition and an object of study of all the branches of learning in modern times. It is important for the present-day development of Confucianism that we break the rigescent modern academic system, propagate Confucianism as a form of knowledge, and rebuild the Confucian form of knowledge. __________ Translated from Hebei Xuekan 河北学刊 (Hebei Academic Journal), 2005(4) by Yan Xin     

儒家社群主义略论

As a social and political thought, communitarian ideas appeared in the Pre-Qin Confucianism. By the Song Dynasty, it had become a systematic theory, namely, the learning of the “four books.” As a social and political theory, not only can Confucian communitarianism contribute to Western liberalism, but it can also be an intellectual resource for the development of democracy in East Asian countries and regions. The future of the Confucian communitarianism lies in its critique of itself and its discourse with Western liberalism, by which Confucianism evolves from communitarianism into liberalism. __________ Translated from Wenshizhe 文史哲 (Literature, History and Philosophy), 2006, (4): 31–37     

Traditional Confucianism in modern China: Ma Yifu’s ethical thought

Modern neo-Confucianism is studied at two levels, one is at the historical level and the other at the academic level. Modern neo-Confucianism at the historical level was developed in the modern context, but its basic content belongs to the traditional Confucianism or the study of Confucian classics. Modern neo-Confucianism at the academic level recognizes both the deficiencies of the traditional Confucianism and rationality of western learning, and dedicates itself to the modernization of Confucianism. Though Ma Yifu’s moral philosophy is developed in the context of modern Chinese culture, it fails to deal with the problem of modern transformation of Confucian ethical values and its content still belongs to the traditional Confucianism. So it should be labeled as the modern neo-Confucianism in the historical sense. In this paper, the author makes a systematic exploration and an evaluation of Ma Yifu’s ethical thought. __________ Translated from Lunlixue Yanjiu 伦理学研究 (Studies in Ethics), Vol. 18, 2005 (4) by Yang Xu     

Self-Transformation and Civil Society: Lockean vs. Confucian

Although contemporary Confucianists tend to view Western liberalism as pitting the individual against society, recent liberal scholarship has vigorously claimed that liberal polity is indeed grounded in the self-transformation that produces “liberal virtues.” To meet this challenge, this essay presents a sophisticated Confucian critique of liberalism by arguing that there is an appreciable contrast between liberal and Confucian self-transformation and between liberal and Confucian virtues. By contrasting Locke and Confucius, key representatives of each tradition, this essay shows that both liberalism and Confucianism aim to reconstruct a society freed from antisocial passions entailing a vicious politics of resentment, and yet come to differing ethical and political resolutions. My key claim is that what makes Confucian self-cultivation so distinctive is the incorporation of ritual propriety (li) within it, whereas liberal self-transformation that relies heavily on a method of self-control comes back to the problem that it originally set out to overcome.     

身与身外:儒家的一个未决问题

Fei Xiaotong's thoughts on the Confucian system of interpersonal relationships actually indicated that the Confucian theory of social cooperation leads itself to an unsettled paradox, that is, there is a lack of universal theoretical construction in the Confucian moral system. Confucian theory does not extend beyond practical circumstances. Instead, its universal principles always disappear in specific circumstances. Because of its long established position in mainstream dialogue, Confucianism failed to reflect on its flaws, but this paradox has been revealed in the face of modern challenges. Translated by Yan Xin from Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Xuebao 中国人民大学学报 (Journal of Renmin University of China), 2007, (1): 15–21