Seeing Things Differently and Not Being Looked At

Three traits inform a pastoral theological hermeneutic. These include: interpreting “the living human web”; relying upon the unique location and nature of pastoral theological imagination; and embodying the power that comes with knowledge and the discernment of meaning. These traits often lead to pastoral theologians seeing things in a different light than colleagues in other theological disciplines, while often holding comparatively less power or influence in the academy. The image of the pastoral theologian as hermeneutical juggler is identified to complement existing metaphors that can inform the identity and hermeneutic of a pastoral theologian.     

Being Narrow While Being Broad: The Importance of Construct Specificity and Theoretical Generality

This article considers Gunderson et al.’s (2011) analysis of the intergenerational transmission of mathematics attitudes in light of broader knowledge about the nature of attitudes. It makes two primary points. First, many of the constructs that Gunderson et al. include under the umbrella of “attitude” are theoretically and psychometrically distinct. Researchers who follow the agenda laid out by Gunderson et al. should take care to carefully define their constructs. Second, using the literature on the intergenerational transmission of implicit attitudes as a starting point, this commentary explores specific ways in which children’s mathematics attitudes may arise as a function of their parents’ and teachers’ attitudes.     

Living Being and Speaking Being: Toward a Dialogical Approach to Intentionality

One of the main goals of cognitive science is to shed light on human knowledge. This paper states that, if daily conversations, literature, and private thought, are proper expressions of human behavior, then cognitive sciences ought to elaborate a concept of knowledge suited to this kind of activities. I draw upon the notion of discourse in Bakhtin to specify the attributes of knowing needed to account for human behavior, whose manifestations in everyday life are not reduced to representing objects but essentially oriented toward responding to others. As a central aspect of knowledge, I focus on intentionality and offer a discussion about different aspects of it. Specifically, I examine the difference between intentionality as the faculty of representation (aboutness) and intentionality as the subjective positioning toward contextually relevant ideological perspectives (meaning).

"正是者"的"思"与"爱"

本文分析奥古斯丁三一神学中人的“是”的来源、方式、内容和品质。(1)人的“是”来源于创造主,上帝作为“我正是我所正是”的“正是者”,创造了人的“是”,故而人的“是”是“正是”。(2)由于上帝是一而不是多,上帝有其固有的“同一性”,故而人亦有其“同一性”。(3)但由于人不是上帝,而是介于上帝与虚无之间,因此人“是”的方式不是“永恒”,而是作为“永恒”尘世形象的“时间”。(4)人的时间之“是”中,集中体现了上帝形象的,乃是“现在”或“正是”,作为“活生生的现在”,“正是”将“过去的现在、现在的现在、将来的现在”统一在一起,构成人的活生生的同一性。(5)奥古斯丁对“活生生的现在”分析是与意识分析结合在一起的,过去一记忆、现在一理解、将来一预期。(6)人“正是”的内容主要是“思”。(7)决定“正是”的品质的,是与“思”紧密连结在一起的“爱”。     

Emotional Disclosure in Day-to-Day Living and Subjective Well Being

There is a large body of empirical research on emotional disclosure and its relationship to health and well being. However, emotional disclosure has been examined largely in the context of illness or trauma. Beneficial outcomes of emotional disclosure in day-to-day living have not been consistently observed in non-experimental studies, although a large proportion of individuals do report perceived benefits. The present study aimed at exploring the association of emotional disclosure with selected intrapersonal and interpersonal variables and their role in prediction of subjective well being in day-to-day living. The sample comprised of 209 adults who did not report presence of any major stressor in the recent past. In hierarchical regression analysis, lower affect intensity, higher emotional clarity, lower trait rumination, higher perceived support and higher emotional disclosure predicted higher subjective well being. In addition, trait rumination emerged as a significant moderator of the relationship between emotional disclosure and subjective well being.     

Painting Is Thinking on the Threshold of Being

With permission of the Finnish artist Juhana Blomstedt, a selection of his thoughts on art collected in the book ''Muodon Arvo'' (The Value of Form) and from an interview with the psychoanalyst Veikko Talvitie, have been translated and reproduced in this issue. Aphoristic sentences, reflecting his views on the value of form, on time and memory, art as communication, abstract painting, or on the artist and his role in society, build up some of the chapters of his book, but the same sentences can also be found time and again in longer and more coherent texts. They seem to contain the essence of the artist's reflections on art and on ''the enigma of being in the world''.     

儒家"为人处世"之道正负社会功用辨析

孔子对中华民族最大的贡献,是揭示了"道德"这个人之为人的准绳即"君子法",其实是国家治乱的根源.儒家的为人处世之道一是指君子之道,亦即忠诚、孝敬、责任、廉耻,二是指蕴含在礼乐精神之中的处世之道:乐的精神是和,礼的精神是序.作为制度的"礼"因出自自然血亲,戴上了温情脉脉的面纱.无论作为"君子法"的忠、孝、责任与廉耻,还是"处世之道"的礼乐精神,在现实中都是善恶相混,充满内在的矛盾与拮抗.     

Principles of Information Processing and Natural Learning in Biological Systems

Journal for General Philosophy of Science - The key assumption behind evolutionary epistemology is that animals are active learners or ‘knowers’. In the present study, I updated the...     

Thinking and Being: Heidegger and Wittgenstein on Machination and Lived-Experience

Heidegger's treatment of 'machination' in the Beiträge zur Philosophie begins the critique of technological thinking that would centrally characterize his later work. Unlike later discussions of technology, the critique of machination in Beiträge connects its arising to the predominance of 'lived-experience' ( Erlebnis ) as the concealed basis for the possibility of a pre-delineated, rule-based metaphysical understanding of the world. In this essay I explore this connection. The unity of machination and lived-experience becomes intelligible when both are traced to their common root in the primordial Greek attitude of techne , originally a basic attitude of wondering knowledge of nature. But with this common root revealed, the basic connection between machination and lived-experience also emerges as an important development of one of the deepest guiding thoughts of the Western philosophical tradition: the Parmenidean assertion of the sameness of being and thinking. In the Beiträge 's analysis of machination and lived-experience, Heidegger hopes to discover a way of thinking that avoids the Western tradition's constant basic assumption of self-identity, an assumption which culminates in the modern picture of the autonomous, self-identical subject aggressively set over against a pre-delineated world of objects in a relationship of mutual confrontation. In the final section, I investigate an important and illuminating parallel to Heidegger's result: the consideration of the relationship between experience and technological ways of thinking that forms the basis of the late Wittgenstein's famous rule-following considerations.     

Primary Process Thinking,Divergent Thinking,and Coping in Children

The relationships among primary process thinking, divergent thinking, and coping were investigated in fifth-grade children. Specifically, it was hypothesized from psychodynamic theory that access to and integration of primary process thinking would be positively related to divergent thinking and that both integration of primary process and divergent thinking would be predictive of coping ability. The Rorschach (Holt's scoring system) and Alternate Uses Test (spontaneous flexibility score) were administered to 53 fifth-grade children. Zeitlin's Coping Inventory, a teacher's rating scale, was the coping measure. Results confirmed the hypotheses for boys in that the percentage of primary process and the Adaptive Regression score on the Rorschach were significantly related to divergent thinking, r(27) = .33, p < .05 and r(27) = .34, p < .05, respectively. Divergent thinking was significantly related to teachers' ratings of coping ability for boys, r(27) = .58, p < .01. There were no significant relationships among the variables for girls. These sex differences in the pattern of correlations are consistent with previous findings.     

Louis Sander and Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Nonlinear Dynamic Systems,Developmental Research,Clinical Process and the Search for Core Principles

ABSTRACT

Louis Sander’s cutting-edge approach drew on infant observation research; nonlinear dynamic systems theories; and current biology, physics, and other hard sciences. From this vantage point, he rethought the psychoanalytic approach to psychic structure, motivation, and therapeutic action. He opened a window for a broad and inclusive relational metapsychology of the highest order, updating Freud’s project of linking psychoanalysis with scientific paradigms. Sander emphasized the dynamic relationships between elements in systems, innovating in both method and content. This article offers an account of Sander’s broad and deep integration of psychoanalysis and developmental research.     

Being Conscious of Marc Bekoff: Thinking of Animal Self-Consciousness

The preceding article by Marc Bekoff reveals much about our current understanding of animal self‐consciousness and its implications. It also reveals how much more there is to be said and considered. This response briefly examines animal self‐consciousness from scientific, moral, and theological perspectives. As Bekoff emphasizes, self‐consciousness is not one thing but many. Consequently, our moral relationship to animals is not simply one based on a graded hierarchy of abilities. Furthermore, the complexity of animal self‐awareness can serve as stimulus for thinking about issues of theodicy and soteriology in a broader sense.     

活体肝移植应用及其伦理学思考

目前,肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝病的有效手段。活体肝移植术部分解决了供肝短缺的问题,10多年来发展迅速,并取得了良好的疗效。但开展这一技术时务必需要遵循知知情自愿原则和利益和风险并存等原则,注意活供体肝移植在伦理学方面尚未解决的问题。     

活体肝移植应用及其伦理学思考

目前,肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝病的有效手段.活体肝移植术部分解决了供肝短缺的问题,10多年来发展迅速,并取得了良好的疗效.但开展这一技术时务必需要遵循知知情自愿原则和利益和风险并存等原则,注意活供体肝移植在伦理学方面尚未解决的问题.     

Emergence,Drop-Back And Reductionism in Living Systems Theory

Millers Living Systems Theory (LST) is known to be very comprehensive. It comprises eight nested hierarchical levels. It also includes twenty critical subsystems. While Millers approach has been analyzed and applied in great detail, some problematic features remain, requiring further explication. One of these is the relationship between reduction and emergence in LST. There are at least four relevant possibilities. One is that LST exhibits neither clear reductionism nor emergence, but is essentially neutral in this regard. Another is that the apparent comprehensiveness of LST is illusory, as the approach remains vulnerable to reduction that could ultimately reduce it to a shadow of its present self. The charge of reductionism has been made by critics leading Miller to defend this theory vehemently as nonreductionist in nature. A third possibility is that LST is not reductionist, but is in fact an emergent theory. Miller makes this claim quite strongly. A fourth possibility, and in some ways the most analytically problematic, is that LST exhibits evidence of both reductionism and emergence simultaneously. Some critics might see this fourth situation as evidence of a troubling paradox or anomaly that must be resolved before further progress can be made in the explication and application of LST. The purpose of the paper is to remove this apparent anomaly. The paper removes this anomaly by differentiating between new-variable emergence and transformational emergence. No concrete evidence is found to contradict Milers claim of emergence in LST, and thus no true anomaly exists.