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成瘾相关记忆的表观遗传学机制 ——药物成瘾研究的新视角 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
成瘾相关记忆长期性的脑机制一直是药物成瘾研究领域的难点与热点,该文简要介绍了成瘾记忆长期性分子机制的研究脉络,提示表观遗传学修饰可能是研究药物成瘾的新视角。成瘾药物可以调节染色体不同亚型组蛋白乙酰化水平,不同基因DNA的甲基化程度从而改变染色体的空间结构,进而调节基因的表达导致成瘾,特别是DNA甲基化改变的相对的稳定性可能是成瘾记忆长期存在的分子基础。记忆再巩固过程中学习记忆相关脑区的记忆促进基因与记忆抑制基因的表观遗传学改变可能是未来研究的新趋势 相似文献
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既往研究已证实早期经历与个体成年后的行为密切相关,然而早期经历对个体成年后的行为产生长期影响的分子生物机制并不清楚。近年来越来越多的研究表明表观遗传因素在早期经历调控成年个体行为中发挥了重要功能。表观遗传是研究没有DNA序列变化,但是可遗传和可逆转的基因组功能的调控。本文试图从早期经历参与调控个体成年后行为表现以及基因表达的相关表观遗传学修饰进行综述。 相似文献
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非药物成瘾又称“非物质相关性成瘾”或“行为成瘾”。特征性表现包括对成瘾对象的渴望、受损的冲动控制、对成瘾对象的耐受、撤退反应和高复发率等。目前发现的非药物成瘾类型包括病理性赌博、网络成瘾、购物成瘾、游戏成瘾、性瘾以及贪食等。非药物成瘾与药物成瘾在症状学上表现出很高的相似性且具有较高的共病率, 提示二者之间可能存在着共同的发病机制。从遗传学和神经生物学的角度探讨非药物成瘾的机制具有重要的理论价值和临床应用价值。家庭研究和双生子研究发现, 男性的病理性赌博和贪食障碍具有中度以上的遗传度。分子遗传学研究发现, 单胺能神经递质相关基因, 如5-羟色胺转运体基因、多巴胺受体基因和单胺氧化酶A基因等, 与非药物成瘾有关。神经影像学研究发现, 非药物成瘾者脑内负责奖赏,线索加工和冲动控制的神经通路活动性异于正常对照。未来研究需要进一步从多个角度入手, 探讨非药物成瘾与药物成瘾的共性和特性。 相似文献
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药物成瘾作为一种慢性复发性的脑疾病,具有从偶然性用药、规律性用药到强迫性用药的渐进式发展特征。研究提示,药物成瘾存在潜在的个体易感性机制,即在成瘾发生过程中不同个体接触药物后的成瘾风险并不相同,探索药物成瘾的神经生物标记是揭示成瘾易感性机制的重要途径。近十多年来,关于成瘾易感性标记的研究不断积聚。文章从神经认知、神经影像及脑电生理、分子遗传等层面梳理与药物成瘾生物标记有关的证据,试图在基因-大脑-心理-行为的理论框架下,对成瘾的发生发展机制进行综合阐释,期望为未来研究在探索药物成瘾的候选神经生物标记、寻找临床干预试验的精准靶点等方面提供更多理论参考。 相似文献
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药物成瘾者的感觉寻求人格特征 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
药物成瘾具有明显的心理成因,其中,成瘾者的人格特点,特别是感觉寻求人格特质,是导致药物成瘾的重要病原性因素。中脑边缘体多巴胺系统是感觉寻求行为与药物成瘾行为共同的脑奖赏系统,而多巴胺受体的遗传表达至少部分建立在个体执行新奇寻求和药物成瘾的行为上。感觉寻求特质对药物成瘾的作用受环境因素(父母,同伴)调节。文章也评述了感觉寻求相关研究所采用的测量工具。 相似文献
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药物成瘾是指持续使用成瘾药物, 出现耐受性和戒断症状并严重阻碍正常社会功能的精神疾病。工作记忆在调节药物成瘾行为中扮演了中心角色:在神经易感性和易感人格特质基础上, 低工作记忆容量导致危险决策和去抑制性, 进而影响寻求药物和复吸行为。目前的研究基于已经产生成瘾的个体, 无法区别神经易感性、人格特质以及工作记忆缺陷是药物成瘾的原因还是结果; 而且, 仅从认知角度研究药物成瘾的原因, 会忽视该行为受多个因素影响的事实。 相似文献
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药物成瘾会导致相关神经环路的结构和功能长期改变.大量新的研究证据表明,在DNA序列不变的情况下,药物成瘾可通过影响不同亚型DNA甲基转移酶(DNMTs)的表达,使脑内多个相关核团发生DNA甲基化以及基因表达的改变,进而导致神经元功能的可塑性变化.因此,DNA甲基化被视作导致成瘾行为长期存在的可能机制之一.结合近几年来的重要发现,本文将重点讨论相关脑区的DNA甲基化在成瘾行为发生发展过程中的作用,以及成瘾药物影响DNA甲基化水平的可能机制,并试图提出可深入的研究展望. 相似文献
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从代际传递的角度,考察父母坚毅力和子女坚毅力的关系,同时检验教养方式在二者之间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷法对北京市三所中学初一、初二年级共302名青少年及其父母的数据进行调查,研究工具采用坚毅力问卷(Grit-Scales)、父母教养方式问卷(PBI)。结果:(1)父亲和母亲的坚毅力总分及两个维度兴趣一致性、坚持努力均可正向预测青少年坚毅力总分及各维度;(2)父亲教养方式的关爱维度在父亲坚毅力与孩子坚毅力之间起中介作用,母亲教养方式的关爱维度在母亲坚毅力与孩子坚毅力之间起中介作用。结论:坚毅力存在代际之间的传递,并且教养方式的关爱维度在代际传递过程中起部分中介作用。 相似文献
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Joona Taipale 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2017,40(1):29-42
The multidisciplinary research on addictions generally promotes the assumption that addictive behavior is caused and maintained by the external psychoactive substance, which accordingly is considered to be ‘addictive in itself’. The present article challenges this widespread assumption by engaging in a detailed examination of the psychodynamic structures of addiction. Tracing addictive behavior back to problems in affect regulation, the article discusses the object, motivation, dynamics, and developmental origins of addiction. Linking the problem with the topic of transitional object relations, the article eventually argues that addictive behavior amounts to a desperate pursuit for self-control. The tragedy of the addict is that he or she only manages to replace one sense of uncontrollability with another. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. med. Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2009,3(4):264-275
To properly estimate the effect of drug consumption in the context of criminal responsibility it is important to understand the nature and course of psychopathological alterations whilst under the influence of each particular drug. In addition, it is important to know about the addictive potential of the different street drugs and the pattern of withdrawal symptoms. In this review we are summarizing the existing evidence for the most widely used illegal drugs. We have considered both anecdotal evidence from and systematic surveys within the illegal drug scene as well as the results of experimental research with healthy volunteers. Finally, we evaluate how acute or subacute psychopathological drug effects effect the degree of criminal responsibility. 相似文献
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Dorothy L. Espelage Kris Bosworth Thomas R. Simon 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2000,78(3):326-333
Familial and adult influences, peer relations, and distal contextual factors were tested as correlates of a continuous measure of bullying behavior within a sample of 558 middle school students. Only 19.5% of the sample reported exhibiting no bullying behavior in the past 30 days. Parental physical discipline, time spent without adult supervision, negative peer influences, and neighborhood safety concerns were each positively associated with bullying behavior. In contrast, positive adult role models were associated with less bullying behavior. Results suggest that counselors should focus prevention and intervention efforts on the risk factors within the larger social context of an adolescent's life. 相似文献
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D'Onofrio BM Turkheimer E Emery RE Slutske WS Heath AC Madden PA Martin NG 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2005,114(4):570-586
Parental divorce is associated with a number of emotional and behavioral problems in young-adult offspring, but theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that the relation may be partially or fully accounted for by passive gene-environment correlation or environmental selection characteristics. The current study used the Children of Twins Design to explore whether shared environmental or genetic factors confound the relationship between parental marital instability and measures of psychopathology. Comparisons of the offspring of adult twins in Australia on 3 factors of abnormal behavior, including drug and alcohol, behavioral, and internalizing problems, suggest that environmental influences associated with divorce account for the higher rates of psychopathology. The results are consistent with a causal connection between marital instability and psychopathology in young-adult offspring. 相似文献
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Waska R 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2006,66(1):43-62
Most patients come into psychoanalytic treatment engaged in some form of repetitive, destructive behavior that is an externalization or projection of their internal struggles. One form of this object relational acting-out is the addictions, be they to alcohol, gambling, drugs, sex, procrastination, or other variations. The patient's experience is a "must do-can't stop" one that leaves them both desperate and relieved. Patients come to us wanting help in refraining from these addictive patterns. Sometimes, they are attending a 12-step program or are in a day treatment recovery program but need additional assistance in remaining free from their addictive behaviors. Others seek out psychoanalytic treatment while still involved in their addiction, but wish to stop the behavior and build a more positive plan for their lives. This paper examines the deeper object relational issues that lie behind the addictive process. The transference is often colored by acting-out, by sadomasochistic dynamics, by projective identification, and by fantasies of persecution and loss. Case material is used to explore these specific problems as well as the patient's general difficulties with paranoid-schizoid and depressive functioning. 相似文献
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Lonsdorf EV 《Animal cognition》2006,9(1):36-46
This paper explores the role of maternal influences on the acquisition of a tool-using task in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in order to build on and complement previous work done in captivity. Young chimpanzees show a long period of offspring dependency
on mothers and it is during this period that offspring learn several important skills, especially how to and on what to forage.
At Gombe National Park, one skill that is acquired during dependency is termite-fishing, a complex behavior that involves
inserting a tool made from the surrounding vegetation into a termite mound and extracting the termites that attack and cling
to the tool. All chimpanzees observed at Gombe have acquired the termite-fishing skill by the age of 5.5 years. Since the
mother is the primary source of information throughout this time period, I investigated the influence of mothers' individual
termite-fishing characteristics on their offsprings' speed of acquisition and proficiency at the skill once acquired. Mother's
time spent alone or with maternal family members, which is highly correlated to time spent termite-fishing, was positively
correlated to offspring's acquisition of critical elements of the skill. I also investigated the specific types of social
interactions that occur between mothers and offspring at the termite mound and found that mothers are highly tolerant to offspring,
even when the behavior of the offspring may disrupt the termite-fishing attempt. However, no active facilitation by mothers
of offsprings' attempts were observed.
Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-005-0002-7
and accessible for authorised users. 相似文献