认知地图技术及其在管理心理学中的应用述评

认知地图技术是用来获取个体对某个特定领域独特理解的图形化描述的一系列方法的总称,包括认知诱发技术与分析技术.在详细阐述其概念、原理的基础上,本文结合一个共享心智模型的研究实例,展示了认知地图技术应用的一般步骤.然后,介绍了认知地图技术在管理心理学中的应用.并针对认知地图技术存在的问题,对未来的研究进行了展望,即从认知地图技术的理论、应用及软件等方面开展深入研究.     

计算模型在道德认知研究中的应用

道德认知关注道德心理背后的信息加工。近年来, 研究者开始将计算模型应用于道德认知研究, 以探索道德认知如何在大脑中实现。但目前研究者对道德认知进行计算建模的研究处于起步阶段。计算模型(漂移扩散模型、效用模型、强化学习模型和分层高斯过筛器模型)在道德认知行为和生理研究上的运用量化了道德决策、道德判断和道德推理背后的认知过程和神经机制。此外, 这一新进展对理解反社会行为和精神障碍等有所助益。最后, 计算建模有待完善, 未来研究需要关注其潜在的问题。     

现代认知心理学关于图式模型的研究

对现代认知心理学关于知识图式的研究作了系统的阐述,分析了产生式系统取向和联结主义取向的优缺点。指出：图式模型研究的整合观是近来及以后认知心理学研究的主要课题之一。     

颜色恒常认知框架模型

颜色恒常认知受到多种因素影响 ,其中包括照明、表面和背景等因素 ,也包括颜色对比、边界检测、颜色适应、模式识别 ,以及根据不同的环境线索采用不同的加工策略等认知影响因素 ,在分析上述因素的基础上尝试性地提出了一个颜色恒常认知框架模型。     

张厚粲的实验认知心理学思想及其贡献

张厚粲是中国最著名的心理学家、教育家。从1948年从辅仁大学毕业时算起,她为中国心理学的发展奋斗了七十多年。改革开放后,她与前辈心理学家一起,引领了中国心理学的发展方向。她长期担任国际心理学联合会执委、副主席,是中国心理学与国际心理学交往交流的使者,为中国心理学走向世界做出了杰出贡献。本文是对张厚粲的实验认知心理学思想及其贡献的总结与回顾。     

认知心理学在多媒体教学上的应用

随着各高校多媒体教学的普及,对教学课件制作水平的要求也越来越高。本文运用认知心理学的知识,从几个方面对提高课件的质量、改善教学效果作了初步探讨。     

认知储备的测量及其在认知老化中的应用

认知储备是指个体自适应利用神经网络对不断增加的脑损伤进行补偿的能力, 它能显著影响个体的生理功能、认知功能和行为结果。当前有关认知储备的研究主要集中在认知储备的测量及其在认知老化研究中的应用方面。现有研究尽管已在认知储备的测量及其与认知老化的关系上取得越来越多的共识, 但在诸如认知储备测量的标准化、认知储备与认知衰退率、认知储备与脑病理的关系等问题上还存在较大争议。未来研究除应进一步标准化对认知储备的测量, 进而探讨认知储备的病理机制, 还应关注认知储备对老化的干预研究。     

类比推理的认知过程与计算模型

该文主要论述了类比推理的认知过程及其计算模型。文章对类比推理的概念进行了分析,论述了类比推理的主要成分和认知过程,并进一步围绕类比推理的重要成分介绍了当前类比推理的主要实证研究及研究成果,在此基础上文章进一步概括了类比推理的主要计算模型。     

Meta-分析及其在心理学中的应用

在心理学领域中,对某一问题常有许多人研究,因而就有许多结果不一致甚至是背道而驰的研究报告。由于研究结果具有或然性,所以从本质上讲,单个研究的结果没有意义的。因此,需要对所有研究的结果进行综合。传统的综合方法依赖研究者直观的分析,进行描述性的定性的综合。他们把若干不一致的研究综合起来的惯用手法是挑出一些设计与分析有毛病的研究,然后提出一、二个他们认为在方法上没有毛病的可以接受的研究作为事实真     

Computational modeling/cognitive robotics complements functional modeling/experimental psychology

This position paper explores the possible contributions to the science of psychology from insights obtained by building and experimenting with cognitive robots. First, the functional modeling characteristic of experimental psychology is discussed. Second, the computational modeling required for cognitive robotics is described, and possible experiments with them are illustrated. Next, we argue that cognitive developmental robots, robots that “live” through a development phase where they learn about their environments in several different modes, can provide additional benefits to the science of psychology. Finally, the reciprocal interactions between computational modeling/cognitive robotics and functional modeling/experimental psychology are explored. We conclude that each can contribute significantly to the other.     

The role of eye-fixation research in cognitive psychology

Eye-fixation research can be used to address issues of theoretical interest in several areas of cognitive psychology, such as linguistic processing, spatial processing, and reading. The eye-fixation behavior can lead to processing models, assuming that the eye fixates the referent of the symbol being operated on.     

Applying social cognitive career theory to predict interests and choice goals in statistics among Spanish psychology students

This study investigated the usefulness of social cognitive career theory—SCCT (Lent, Brown, and Hackett, 1994) in predicting interests and goals relating to statistics among psychology students. The participants were 1036 Spanish students who completed measurements of statistics-related mastery experiences, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interests and goals/intentions. Structural equation modeling (including multi-group analysis) was used to test the fit of the hypothesized models to the data. Results indicated support for SCCT as a way to predict students' interests in statistics and their intentions of engaging in academic or professional activities where statistics is used. Collectively, the predictors accounted for 50% of the variance in interests and for 77% of the variance in goals. Implications both for future research on SCCT and for intervention in statistics education are discussed.     

Multilevel modeling: overview and applications to research in counseling psychology

Multilevel modeling (MLM) is rapidly becoming the standard method of analyzing nested data, for example, data from students within multiple schools, data on multiple clients seen by a smaller number of therapists, and even longitudinal data. Although MLM analyses are likely to increase in frequency in counseling psychology research, many readers of counseling psychology journals have had only limited exposure to MLM concepts. This paper provides an overview of MLM that blends mathematical concepts with examples drawn from counseling psychology. This tutorial is intended to be a first step in learning about MLM; readers are referred to other sources for more advanced explorations of MLM. In addition to being a tutorial for understanding and perhaps even conducting MLM analyses, this paper reviews recent research in counseling psychology that has adopted a multilevel framework, and it provides ideas for MLM approaches to future research in counseling psychology.     

语篇情绪理解及其认知神经机制

在心理语言学领域,情绪信息加工是语篇理解的重要方面,得到了广泛关注。目前的研究表明,读者在语篇阅读中可以在线地、自动地推测出语篇情绪信息,追踪情绪信息的变化,并对其进行更新。语篇理解相关的模型及一些事件相关电位(ERP)的实证研究表明语篇情绪理解至少包括两个重要的加工过程:一是对语篇情绪信息的实时监控,二是对当前情绪信息的评估与更新。相关的功能磁共振(f MRI)的研究表明语篇情绪理解除了需要经典的情绪加工网络,还需要多个脑区网络的参与,如,语篇理解网络、心理理论(To M)网络。未来研究还需更加深入地、更加细致地探讨语篇情绪理解的认知神经机制及其可能的影响因素,研究成果也可以为情感计算领域提供一定的借鉴。     

Assessing the role of aggression,empathy, and self‐serving cognitive distortions in trait emotional manipulation

This study extended the examination of the predictors of emotional manipulation. Participants (N = 243) completed measures of trait emotional manipulation, emotional intelligence, social skills, psychopathy, aggression, empathy, and self‐serving cognitive distortions in a cross‐sectional correlational design. For males, higher levels of emotional intelligence, social information processing, indirect aggression, and self‐serving cognitive distortions significantly predicted emotional manipulation. For females, being younger, higher levels of emotional intelligence, indirect aggression, primary psychopathic traits, and lower levels of social awareness significantly predicted emotional manipulation. However for females, emotional intelligence acted as a suppressor. These findings support previous indications that the mechanisms behind emotional manipulation differ as a function of gender. Future research could include ability, rather than trait measures of emotional manipulation, as well as the role of context (such as intimate relationships or workplace environments), thereby allowing additional examination of the nomological network of emotional manipulation.     

The neuropsychology of depression and its implications for cognitive therapy

The past few years have witnessed a growing interest in the specialty of neuropsychology as well as continued support for cognitive therapy of depression. The purpose of this paper is the examination of the neuropsychology of depression and its implications for A. T. Beck's cognitive theory and therapy of depression ([1963] Thinking and Depression: Idiosyncratic Content and Cognitive Distortions,Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 9, pp. 324–333; [1964] Thinking and Depression,Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 10, pp. 561–571; [1967]Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects, New York: Harper & Row). Specifically, the neuropsychological and cognitive theory and therapy literatures related to depression are reviewed followed by an antegration of these areas. Neuropsychological evidence is presented that both supports cognitive theory and therapy of depression and helps explain why such therapy may prove ineffective in treating depression. Implications for clinical practice, including neuropsychological assessment of depressives, and potential future research directions are also provided.     

Models of human social behavior and their application to health psychology

Abstract

Theoretical models popular in the health domain differ in level of generality. Some were developed to deal with any human social behavior and then applied to health psychology, others were specifically designed to deal with health-related issues. Content-specific theories, such as the health-belief model and the perceptual-cognitive approach, outline in detail factors relevant for our understanding of health-related beliefs and actions. In contrast, it is only in the course of empirical research that content-free models, such as social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior, obtain the specific information required for understanding. Their advantage lies in their applicability across behavioral domains. Whether content-specific or content-free, the major utility of models developed to date has been to organize and communicate knowledge about health-related behavior. Few profound insights have as yet resulted from their application, with the possible exception of the recognition that self-regulation, and especially self-efficacy, plays a major role in all aspects of health, illness, and recovery.