眼睛效应不稳定性的原因阐释：基于主客观因素与心理机制视角

眼睛效应指当呈现直视的眼睛线索时,个体的行为反应会发生明显变化。已有研究表明眼睛线索具有促进亲社会行为、减少反社会行为、提高自我意识等积极效应。然而在部分研究中眼睛效应并不能稳定地出现,导致其不稳定的因素包括眼睛的生理特征、情绪类型、呈现时间、眼神注视方向、任务交互形式、周边人数与噪音、个体自我意识、群体身份和行为成本等。眼睛效应的心理机制包括声誉机制和规则机制等。基于影响因素和心理机制视角解释眼睛效应不稳定性的原因,有助于为其产生稳定的效益提供理论启示。未来可进一步细化眼睛线索的种类来扩展研究的适用范围,结合认知神经科学技术深入探察相关的神经机制,在个体不同的发展阶段展开纵向对比,以及开展实地研究提高该领域研究的生态效度。     

合作行为中的“眼睛效应”:解释机制与限制因素

呈现眼睛特征的图片就能使人的行为发生变化的现象称为眼睛效应。眼睛效应存在于多种社会现象中, 合作行为中的眼睛效应已被多种实验证明, 其原理可从声誉机制、规则机制、奖惩机制及认知机制等视角予以解释。眼睛效应的发生受在场他人、任务类型、个体公众意识及群体身份、线索呈现方式等因素的限制。目前有关眼睛效应的稳定性仍存在较多争议, 未来需要从性别和文化等个体或群体差异、脑生理机制、社会应用价值等方面进行深入研究。     

权力具身效应的影响因素及机制

具身认知为人们解读“权力”提供了新的理论基础和方法论,但以往多数研究强调语言层面上权力的概念表征,较少关注权力的社会具身效应。本文通过梳理国内外权力具身认知研究的文献,从情境、文化因素、个体因素等方面分析权力具身效应的影响因素,并揭示身体经验影响权力认知和行为的心理机制和过程——模态启动。在此基础上进一步明确未来的研究方向,应从社会具身效应的作用机制、多重心理机制、权力具身效应的神经机制、应用研究等方面进行深入研究。     

眼睛效应不稳定与感知规范：一个新视角

眼睛效应指人们面对眼睛或类似眼睛的图案时会发生行为改变的现象。但是, 眼睛效应的稳健性备受争议, 主要有4种观点：促使人们更亲社会、更遵守社会规范、降低反社会行为、无效果。结合规范错觉和创新扩散理论, 基于感知规范的视角, 当感知亲社会规范流行程度较高时, 眼睛效应既会“促进亲社会行为”或“促进人们遵守社会规范”, 也会“降低反社会行为”; 但当感知亲社会规范流行程度较低时, 眼睛效应对一些反社会行为“无效果”; 当规范错觉较大且无规范干预时, 眼睛效应同样对一些反社会行为无效果。因此, 将以上4种争议观点整合为“不同感知规范条件下的眼睛效应”, 揭示了眼睛效应不稳定的原因, 为未来实证研究和实践应用提供理论基础。     

你和上司合拍吗?组织中的上下级匹配

上下级匹配, 作为影响领导-下属良性互动的关键因素, 近几年逐渐成为组织管理研究中的前沿话题。上下级匹配是指领导和下属在心理或行为特征方面的契合度, 包括一致性匹配和互补性匹配两种类型, 其测量方式也涉及直接测量与间接测量。从现有文献来看, 研究者主要考察了领导-下属在人格特质、社会认知、心理状态、工作行为和关系因素等方面的匹配效应, 涉及心理过程和互动过程两大中介机制, 个体因素和情境因素两大调节机制。未来研究可以关注传统性、面子意识等本土心理特征的匹配效应, 或者对现有的中介、调节机制进行拓展。     

身高的心理效应及其内在机制

身高对心理因素的影响被称为身高的心理效应。日常生活中,人们普遍认为身高较高者有更多机遇、更受重视。本文对探究身高心理效应的文献进行了梳理,发现身高影响人们的社会知觉、人格、择偶行为和心理健康水平。身高的这些效应在一定程度上可以从进化心理学、社会规范、视知觉及自证预言等视角加以解释。未来的研究应进一步理清变量之间的关系,拓展身高的测量方式和研究方法,进一步探究其内在机制,并挖掘身高心理效应在中国情境下的独特性。     

亲社会行为中的从众效应

亲社会行为是社会关系的润滑剂, 从众心理会影响亲社会行为的出现。亲社会从众行为包括利他从众、公平偏好从众、信任从众、慷慨从众等。亲社会从众行为的心理机制包括模仿理论与动机改变理论。亲社会从众行为的神经机制包括奖赏加工与错误加工神经回路。社会价值取向、人际信任水平与人际敏感性对亲社会从众行为有一定的调节作用。未来的研究方向可以从亲社会从众效应的稳定性、个体差异、儿童及青少年的亲社会从众行为研究、临床研究以及跨文化角度入手。     

眼睛注视的知觉及其线索效应

对眼睛注视知觉、眼睛注视线索效应及其影响因素等相关研究进行了总结和分析。结果发现:(1)婴儿从一出生就对眼睛注视线索表现出强烈的敏感性,眼睛注视知觉对语言和社会等能力的发展有很大影响;(2)颞上沟是加工眼睛注视线索的特异神经结构,它与实时监控情绪和情感的杏仁核存在神经联结,成为社会认知神经系统的重要组成部分;(3)对眼睛注视线索的早期加工显示出特异的脑电活动模式;(4)眼睛注视线索效应与外周线索的反射式效应相类似,但持续时间较长;(5)眼睛注视线索效应不仅受面部结构信息的影响,也受自上而下加工等高水平认知因素的调节,并显示出明显的个体差异。对眼睛注视线索效应的进一步研究应涉及人格判断、喜好评价和心理理论等高级社会认知活动。     

父母控制与青少年问题性网络使用：越轨同伴交往的中介效应

以往研究探讨了父母控制与青少年问题性网络使用（PIU）的关系,但它们在父母控制的操作定义、独特效应检验、函数形式分析等方面不够完善,且较少对中介机制进行探讨。本研究考察了不同形式的父母控制（行为控制 vs. 心理控制）与青少年PIU的直接联系,以及越轨同伴交往在其中的中介效应。选取703名初中生作为被试,匿名填写人口学问卷、父母控制问卷、越轨同伴交往问卷和青少年PIU量表。回归分析表明：（1）在控制了性别、年龄和家庭社会经济地位后,父母行为控制和心理控制对青少年PIU分别具有线性的抑制效应和促进效应;（2）父母行为控制和心理控制对越轨同伴交往分别具有线性的抑制和促进效应,进而作用于青少年PIU。因此,父母行为控制和心理控制与青少年PIU具有密切的联系,且越轨同伴交往在其中具有中介效应。     

红色的心理效应:现象与机制研究述评

红色是自然界和人类社会最常见的颜色之一,它对人类心理与行为的影响受到心理学家的关注.2005年发表在Nature上关于红色队服增强奥运选手竞赛成绩的研究报告,引发了一系列红色心理效应研究.本文从生理指标、行为观察、认知、语言文化、情绪、态度等多个角度综述了红色心理效应的现象和机制,并提出“情境假说”来解释红色对心理与行为的影响.综述表明,红色的心理效应缘于其在不同情境下联结着不同的心理意义.这些联结受先天遗传和后天环境的共同影响.红色与心理意义的联结诱发了特定的心理状态,从而影响个体的心理与行为.颜色对心理的影响及其机制,已经成为颜色科学基础与应用研究的前沿领域之一.     

眼睛线索下公我意识启动对利他行为的影响

给个体呈现一副正视前方的眼睛线索,会使个体的行为发生明显的变化,即出现眼睛效应。以往研究发现,特质公我意识较高的个体在眼睛线索下会表现出更多利他行为。本研究采用句子重组任务启动被试的状态公我意识,通过独裁者博弈任务,考察眼睛线索与公我意识交互作用对利他行为的影响。结果发现,启动公我意识和呈现眼睛线索均可以显著提高被试的利他行为;更重要的是,眼睛线索下启动公我意识可以促进利他行为。该结果表明,眼睛线索与公我意识交互作用影响个体的利他行为。     

他人注视对不诚实行为的影响

有研究发现,他人的注视会使人们倾向于遵循社会规则,但甚少发现他人注视状态对不诚实行为的影响。该研究旨在通过比较眼睛的呈现类型和形式对不诚实行为的影响,来考察哪种注视状态能有效抑制个体的不诚实行为。结果发现,非伴随注视状态下,被试表现出不诚实行为,且不同类型的眼睛对被试的不诚实行为没有影响; 伴随注视状态下,直视眼抑制了被试的不诚实行为,而斜视眼则没有。这表明他人持续的注视可能作为内隐的名誉线索在一定程度上抑制了人们的不诚实行为。     

Effects of minimal social cues on trust in the investment game

In anonymous game tasks, individuals’ prosocial behaviour was shown to increase when those individuals were provided with social cues from a third party or bystander. It has been suggested that those social cues can be presented using a configuration suggestive of a face with ‘watching eyes’. This led us to question whether it was possible to provide the watching‐eyes configuration with even weaker facial information, such as a simple dot pattern. By using a minimal social cue paradigm, such as the one described above, the present research found that individuals’ trust toward the trustee increased when they detected the watching‐eyes dot pattern as a source of social cues in two settings: a hypothetical investment game for both college students (Study 1) and customs officers (Study 2); and an actual investment game for college students (Study 3).     

The watching eyes phenomenon: The role of a sense of being seen and public self‐awareness

In recent years, a growing number of researchers have examined the watching eyes phenomenon (i.e., increased prosocial and decreased antisocial behavior when subtle watching eyes are present in the environment). Somewhat surprisingly, the questions of how and under what conditions subtle cues of being watched operate have been unanswered so far. The present contribution addresses this research gap. In two studies, we document that (a) subtle cues of being watched induce a sense of being seen and (b) chronic public self‐awareness moderates the watching eyes phenomenon in that specifically individuals with strong chronic public self‐awareness show more prosocial behavior under conditions of watching eyes. The applicability of subtle cues of being watched in research on social presence is discussed.     

A field study on watching eyes and hand hygiene compliance in a public restroom

Humans modify their behavior in a socially desirable way when being watched by others. We applied this basic idea to hand hygiene compliance, a behavior that is crucial for preventing germ transmission and successive infections in many settings. Building on the assumption that hand hygiene behavior is socially desirable, we assume that individuals show stronger hand hygiene compliance when being watched. In a field study in a women's public restroom (N = 354), we exposed individuals to a message advising that hand‐washing protects against the spread of pathogens. In the experimental condition, stylized human watching eyes were presented above the message. In the control condition, three stars were presented. Analysis revealed a significantly higher percentage of hand hygiene compliance in the watching eyes condition (83.3%) compared to the control condition (71.9%; odds ratio: 1.95, p = .01). The applied value for employers and public institutions is discussed.     

Visual and tactile guidance of dexterous manipulation tasks: an fMRI study

Models of motor guidance that dynamically adjust to the availability and quality of sensory information are based on the observation that dexterous tasks are routinely performed using various combinations of visual and tactile inputs. However, a dynamic neural system that acquires and processes relevant visual and tactile information remains relatively uncharacterized in humans. In this study, whole-brain functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a dexterous manipulation task, compression of the end caps of a slender spring prone to buckling, to investigate the neural systems associated with motor guidance under four visual and tactile guidance conditions: (1) eyes closed (no visual input), smooth end caps, (2) eyes dosed, rough end caps, (3) eyes open and watching hand, smooth end caps, and (4) eyes open and watching hand, rough end caps. Performance of the dexterous task remained constant in all conditions. Variations in the two levels of visual input resulted in modulation of activity in the middle and inferior occipital gyrii and inferior parietal lobule, and variation in the two levels of tactile input during the task resulted in modulation of activity in the precentral (primary motor) gyrus. Although significantly active in all conditions, cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum activities were not modulated by levels of either visual or somatosensory input, and no interaction effects were observed. Together, these data indicate that a fine-tuned motor task guided by varying visual and tactile information engages a distributed and integrated neural complex consisting of control and executive functions and regions that process dynamic sensory information related to guidance functions.     

How the Eyes Tell Lies: Social Gaze During a Preference Task

Social attention is thought to require detecting the eyes of others and following their gaze. To be effective, observers must also be able to infer the person's thoughts and feelings about what he or she is looking at, but this has only rarely been investigated in laboratory studies. In this study, participants' eye movements were recorded while they chose which of four patterns they preferred. New observers were subsequently able to reliably guess the preference response by watching a replay of the fixations. Moreover, when asked to mislead the person guessing, participants changed their looking behavior and guessing success was reduced. In a second experiment, naïve participants could also guess the preference of the original observers but were unable to identify trials which were lies. These results confirm that people can spontaneously use the gaze of others to infer their judgments, but also that these inferences are open to deception.     

眼睛注视线索对经济领域风险决策的影响：基于框架效应范式

采用基金投资框架任务,结合眼动技术考察眼睛注视线索与框架类型对风险决策的影响。结果发现：（1）消极眼睛注视线索促进了被试在损失框架下的风险寻求行为,控制组与积极、中性、消极眼睛组的行为结果无显著差异;（2）以均字注视次数为指标的眼动结果表明,积极眼睛组和中性眼睛组对确定损益的关注差异大于对风险损益的关注差异;消极眼睛组和控制组被试对损失的关注大于对收益的关注,对确定项的关注大于对风险项的关注,但两者不存在交互作用。消极眼睛注视线索可能改变了个体对风险性和确定性的感知,并因此影响了人们的风险决策行为,规避消极情绪线索可能有助于减少经济决策中的风险寻求行为。