产后抑郁相关危险因素分析

本文通过分析引发产后抑郁的相关危险因素及其对健康的影响,为探索干预措施提供依据。危险因素重要性的分析显示“夫妻关系不佳”位居危险因素之首;产妇的性格特征和孕期心理状态是产后抑郁发生的重要心理影响因素。因此,丈夫角色不容忽视,社会支持系统的建立意义重大,干预效果显著的因素应作为研究重点。     

产后抑郁相关危险因素分析

本文通过分析引发产后抑郁的相关危险因素及其对健康的影响,为探索干预措施提供依据.危险因素重要性的分析显示"夫妻关系不佳"位居危险因素之首;产妇的性格特征和孕期心理状态是产后押郁发生的重要心理影响因素.因此,丈夫角色不容忽视,社会支持系统的建立意义重大,干预效果显著的因素应作为研究重点.     

抑郁反刍的认知神经机制

抑郁反刍是指个体把注意力集中在抑郁症状以及这些症状含意的行为和想法, 包含反复思虑抑郁症状、抑郁的可能原因、以及抑郁可能引起的后果。抑郁反刍主要表现出对负性信息过度关注、认知控制缺陷以及非适应性的自我参照加工等认知特点。基于这些特点, 近期脑成像研究发现, 抑郁反刍主要与杏仁核、前额叶以及默认网络等脑区或神经网络有关。未来应在不同亚型抑郁反刍的神经机制、基因以及开发有效的干预技术与方法等方面展开深入研究。     

外侧缰核作用于抑郁的神经生理机制

本文旨在梳理国内外有关外侧缰核作用于抑郁神经生理机制的研究成果,以期为今后抑郁研究提供借鉴和参考。首先,阐明了外侧缰核的过度兴奋会加强对下游奖赏中心单胺能脑区的抑制从而诱发抑郁的内在通路。然后,进一步论述了介导外侧缰核过度兴奋的分子机制。最后,未来要重点以人类为被试,采用纵向设计,加强外侧缰核对抑郁的影响、作用机制及其性别差异的研究,同时考察遗传基因和环境在其间的调控效应等问题。     

石河子市剖宫产患者产后抑郁状况调查及影响因素分析

为了了解剖宫产患者产后抑郁的发生情况,对剖宫产患者进行抑郁状况的调查,并对其影响因素进行分析,对抑郁组与非抑郁组的一般情况构成比比较,并采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、应付方式评定量表（YFFS）、社会支持问卷（ISSI）进行测评。结果显示,应付方式评定量表中的主观支持（P〈0．05）,社会支持问卷中退避倾向性进入回归方程,提示应付方式及社会支持是影响剖宫产患者产后抑郁的重要因素。     

青少年抑郁的快感缺失的神经机制研究

抑郁逐渐低龄化使得青少年抑郁备受关注。快感缺失,作为抑郁的一种核心临床症状,已成为抑郁最具前景的内表型之一。然而,青少年抑郁的快感缺失的神经机制迄今仍不清楚。本研究首先汇总两种神经机制模型即三元模型和社会挫折模型;其次,在多种奖励加工如金钱奖励、努力动机奖励、未来奖励和社会奖励条件下,概述青少年抑郁的快感缺失的神经机制前沿进展。未来可以深入探索努力动机奖励和未来奖励在预测青少年抑郁中的作用,加强研究青春期阶段与性别是如何交互影响早期抑郁快感缺失,将无创伤电磁刺激应用于青少年抑郁干预中,进一步澄清青少年抑郁的快感缺失的神经发展机制。     

我国产后抑郁研究现状分析

本文通过系统分析产后抑郁领域的国内研究现状,为研制针对性的干预策略奠定基础。研究遵循循证医学的理念,运用文献计量分析方法,对国内1998年～2007年间发表的111篇产后抑郁领域的研究文献进行分析。可见研究文献数量呈现逐年上升趋势,但研究范围主要局限于医学中心及区域范畴,研究内容主要涉及产后抑郁的评估与诊断、危险因素研究和预防干预方法的探索,但总体研究设计存在较大缺陷。可见亟需加强社区层面研究,提高研究设计的科学性,并将预防干预方法研究作为重点。     

我国产后抑郁研究现状分析

本文通过系统分析产后抑郁领域的国内研究现状.为研制针对性的干预策略奠定基础.研究遵循循证医学的理念,运用文献计量分析方法,时国内1998年～2007年阃发表的111篇产后抑郁领域的研究文献进行分析.可见研究文献数量呈现逐年上升趋势,但研究范围主要局限于医学中心及区域范畴,研究内容主要涉及产后抑郁的评估与诊断,危险因素研究和预防干预方法的探索,但总体研究设计存在较大缺陷.可见亟需加强社区层面研究,提高研究设计的科学性,并将预防干预方法研究作为重点.     

成人依恋风格在信息加工中表现出差异性的神经机制

依恋风格的神经机制研究有助于更深层次理解依恋行为与类型：N1、N200、N400和P300等脑电成份的差异反映了不同依恋风格在编码、提取及注意资源分配上的不同; 额叶皮层、扣带回皮层、颞极、杏仁核、海马等脑区可以反映不同依恋风格在信息加工性质和注意资源分配上的差异。已有研究除安全依恋和非安全依恋策略的有效性在脑成像上的研究与依恋理论一致外, 其余研究还存在争议。未来的研究可深入探究更高质量的依恋测量工具, 依恋风格对内隐刺激加工影响的认知神经机制; 细化依恋风格在信息加工不同阶段的神经活动和脑成像研究; 以及关注依恋风格对信息加工影响差异的脑机制在临床治疗中的运用。     

依恋的神经生理机制

在动物社会依恋的神经生物学研究基础上,研究者对人类依恋的神经生理机制进行了初步探讨,一致的结论是无论婴儿还是成人,不安全依恋个体的心率、皮质醇水平高于安全依恋的个体。而在依恋系统激活时婴儿和成人的脑电活动和大脑的功能定位研究却发现了不一致：较之安全依恋婴儿,不安全依恋婴儿的左侧前额大脑区域显示了较少的活动;成人依恋类型的脑机制研究并无定论。所有这些研究多为相关研究,今后有待于在神经生物水平上对依恋的基本理论问题如内部工作模式的意识和无意识性、母婴依恋与成人依恋的关系（特别是一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征）以及母婴依恋对婴幼儿大脑发育的影响等问题展开深入研究     

A structural model for postpartum responses to the somatic and cognitive items on the Beck Depression Inventory

A distinction can be drawn between those items on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that reflect mainly cognitive and emotional symptoms and those that reflect somatic symptoms. Responses to the BDI were obtained from women at 3, 6, 9, and 24 weeks postpartum. The covariances of cognitive and somatic symptom scores across the four time points were closely fit by a structural equations model referred to as the simplex. The modeling indicates that earlier cognitive scores directly predict later somatic scores but that early somatic scores do not directly predict later cognitive scores. Other data confirm the results.Much of this research was supported while the first author was an NIMH Fellow at the University of Iowa (MH15168).     

The effects of humor and depression labels on reactions to social comments

Humor is generally considered to facilitate social relationships, whereas depression has been related to difficulties in relationships. This study investigated the effects of labeling social comments as humorous, as well as labeling the presenter of the comments as feeling depressed, on recipients' reactions to these comments. To this end, 350 university students were presented with vignettes describing four styles of comments (i.e., affiliative, self-enhancing, self-defeating, and aggressive) made by a casual acquaintance. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. These conditions varied in terms of whether the four styles of comments were described as humorous or not, and whether the acquaintance making the comments was described as feeling depressed or not. Findings indicated that humor led to more positive reactions. Labeling the acquaintance as depressed led to more negative reactions than when the acquaintance was labeled non-depressed, particularly when the comments were self-defeating. Interestingly, when the acquaintance was described as feeling depressed, affiliative comments made in a humorous fashion led to more positive reactions than did non-humorous affiliative comments. These findings are discussed in terms of the effects of humor and depression on interpersonal interactions.     

大学生成人依恋、应对方式与负性情绪的关系研究

本文使用结构方程模型方法,研究大学生成人依恋、应对方式与负性情绪的关系。结果发现:(1)应对方式是依恋焦虑与负性情绪之间的完全中介;(2)应对方式是依恋回避与负性情绪之间的部分中介;(3)依恋焦虑和依恋回避对应对方式的解释率为40%,而依恋回避和依恋焦虑以及应对方式对负性情绪的解释率则为56%。     

Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and depression in adulthood

We aimed to investigate whether exposure to the Chinese famine (1959–1961) in early life was associated with depression in adulthood. We included 17,505 participants from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Participants were classified into indirect and direct exposure groups. And the directly exposure groups including prenatal, childhood, adolescence/adult exposure groups. Depression was diagnosed by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 (CES-D) score. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to calculate the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depression. In women, prenatal, childhood, adolescence/adult exposure groups had higher depression risk than indirect exposure group (OR = 1.46, 1.40, and 1.67, respectively). However, there was no significant association between famine exposure and depression among men. Exposure to famine during prenatal (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07–2.06), childhood (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.13–1.91), and adolescence/adult (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.24–2.15) period were associated with depression among subjects living in rural, but not those living in urban. Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life had sex and area-specific associations with depression.     

An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children: a short-term longitudinal study

The goal of this study was to test the response styles theory of depression in a sample of 3rd- and 7th-grade children. In addition, we examined whether the relationship between rumination and increases in depressive symptoms is mediated by hopelessness and low self-esteem. The procedure involved an initial assessment in which depressive symptoms, response styles, hopelessness, and self-esteem were assessed. The procedure also involved a follow-up assessment, 6 weeks later, in which depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and self-esteem were reassessed. Children with a ruminative response style exhibited increases in depressive symptoms over the 6-week period. In addition, the relationship between rumination and increases in depressive symptoms was mediated by both hopelessness and low self-esteem. Last, contrary to our hypotheses, neither distraction nor problem-solving response styles predicted decreases in depressive symptoms over the course of the study.     

Vulnerability factors in depression: The facets of sociotropy and autonomy

Sociotropy-autonomy (Beck, 1983) describes a set of personality dimensions that relate to an individual's vulnerability to depression. Two recently developed scales, the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991) and the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al., 1994), have been developed in order to assess these personality dimensions. Typically, these measures are used in isolation and little published information is available concerning their interrelationship. The present study examined the relationship between the two scales and specified the various factors that emerge when the items of the two scales are integrated. Six hundred fifty-two participants responded to the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al, 1994) and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991). A factor analysis on all of the items of the two scales revealed a five-factor structure (two sociotropy, two autonomy, and one achievement factor). The relationships among depression, the five derived factors, and the original scales developed by Clark and Beck (1991) and Robinset al. (1994) were critically examined. The results are discussed in the context of vulnerability to depression.     

Chronicity and severity of maternal postpartum depression and infant sleep disorders: a population-based cohort study in southern Brazil

A cohort study was conducted with 397 women randomly selected from the Brazilian National System of Public Health, to describe the prevalence rates of infant sleep problems at 12-month of life, and its association with chronicity and severity of maternal depressive symptoms. Mothers were assessed, first, from the 9th to the 12th week postpartum and then at 12 months after delivery, with EPDS and a self-rating questionnaire regarding babies’ sleep behavior. After controlling for possible confounders, babies whose mothers had severe chronic depressive symptoms were at higher risk for sleep disorder at 12 months of birth.     

Young adult narcissism: A 20 year longitudinal study of the contribution of parenting styles, preschool precursors of narcissism, and denial

The role of parenting styles in the development of young adult narcissism is investigated with individuals from the Block and Block (1980) longitudinal study. At age 3, participants were assessed for the presence of narcissism precursors, and mothers and fathers provided information about their parenting styles. At age 23, the presence of both healthy and maladaptive narcissism was assessed, along with the use of denial. The results showed that parenting styles had a direct effect on the development of healthy narcissism, but the effect on the development of maladaptive narcissism depended on the child’s initial proclivity towards narcissism. Also, the use of denial was positively associated with the presence of maladaptive narcissism, but not with healthy narcissism.     

A Case Study: A Discussion of Depression,Ambivalence, Attachment,and Culture Portrayed in the Therapeutic Environment

ABSTRACT

This paper uses object relations theory to conceptualize and manage the complexities of a home-based case that was followed for a period of six months. It discusses maternal depression in relation to the caregiver role, self-harm, and self-determination. The client's ambivalence issues are addressed, with particular emphasis on transference and countertransference issues in the relationship and the use of transitional space and objects. Also discussed is the effect of maternal depression and ambivalence on mother-infant attachment, with the introduction of interaction-guidance as a treatment modality. An examination of cultural differences and the concomitant ethical implications that arose in the treatment process is provided. Finally, therapeutic implications and reflexivity are addressed.