THE JAPANESE MEANING OF WORK AND SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES IN JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Japan has modernized itself by using Western countries as its model of development. Japanese management is, however, not necessarily an imitation of European or American management. It is unique and deeply rooted in the tradition of Japanese society, which has nourished such practices as periodic recruitment of employees, life-time employment, seniority wage system and company unions. In this paper, the meaning of Japanese working life, work motivation and values will be discussed first. This is followed by a review of Japanese manager—employee relations from the standpoint of the author's PM leadership theory. Finally, organizational development experience in the Nishitetsu Railroad Company and the Mitsubishi Shipyard will be presented to illustrate intervention schemes in solving accident and safety problems with special reference to leadership development and small group activities.     

THE USE AND IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN VENEZUELA: TWO EXAMPLES

Two cases are presented to illustrate how psychological knowledge and technology have been used in Venezuela. The first case relates to the use of psychological technology in Venezuelan politics where it is possible to identify a change from “caudillismo” to a more democratic “voting against” political culture. There is evidence that imported political compaigning techniques and extensive use of polling have been a factor of some importance in such change. The second case refers to the activities of the Minister for the Development of Intelligence, who has started a group of projects to improve cognitive functioning in different age groups. These programs are too recent to ascertain their effectiveness; so data is reported on an opinionative evaluation of one of the projects, carried out among Venezuelan psychologists and pediatricians.     

语义联系类型和强度对预期推理生成的制约作用

首先采用开放式问卷实验方法,由被试生成日常生活中的事件以及组成这些事件的各种活动和活动的参加者。然后,对这些事件熟悉性、对活动的典型性和可区分性三个维度进行主观评价,形成事件以及每个事件活动序列,并据此编制实验材料。实验主要考察活动的典型性和可区分性对于熟悉性高的事件的预期推理的影响,以及不同工作记忆能力的被试进行事件预期推理时的加工模式。实验结果表明：（１）高工艺记忆能力的被试对事件的预期量小于     

目标取向和工作经验对绩效的效应

通过两个样本调查,对目标取向和工作经验量表进行了结构检验,并探讨了目标取向和工作经验对个体绩效的效应模式。结果表明：学习目标取向和工作经验定性成份与绩效间存在中等程度相关;在控制了人口统计学变量的效应后,学习目标取向对绩效具有显著的预测效应;工作经验定性成份与绩效间的关系受到学习目标取向缓冲,在学习目标取向低分组,工作经验定性成份对个体绩效更具预测力     

THE EFFECTS OF CHOICE AND TASK PREFERENCE ON THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF ADULTS WITH SEVERE DISABILITIES

We evaluated the effects of choice versus the assignment of tasks of varying preferences on the work engagement of adults with severe disabilities. The combined results of two experiments suggest that the relative preference for a task may be an important variable in the effectiveness of choice for some individuals.     

ROLE CONFLICT AND FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS: THE EFFECTS ON APPLICANT ATTRACTION

This paper challenges a popular assumption that organizations with flexible work arrangements are more attractive to job seekers than those with a standard work arrangement. Drawing on boundary theory, we suggest that the attractiveness of these arrangements depends in part on job seekers' interrole conflict. Subjects were 142 MBA students at a midsized midwestern university. Those with high role conflict were more attracted to an organization when flextime was offered than when it was not. Those with low role conflict, however, were just slightly less attracted to an organization when flextime was offered. Conversely, subjects with low role conflict were more attracted to an organization when telecommuting was offered than when it was not; subjects with high role conflict were indifferent. These results suggest that organizations should understand the needs of their targeted applicant pool and carefully consider recruitment implications of work arrangements when analyzing costs associated with these policies.     

几种纠正错别字的方法与識记和保持的关系

問題 关于小学儿童错别字的特点及产生原因,解放后已有人作过比较详细的研究。但关于小学儿童错别字的纠正方法,及其与识记和保持的关系,研究的尚少。特別是结合当前教学改革的基本精神,如精讲多练、讲练结合、启发式教授法等来进行研究的更不多。本研究的目的,在于结合当前教学改革的一些基本精神,研究几种纠正错别字的方法与识记和保持的关系,为语文教学改革及有关记忆问题提供参考资料。     

分类的层次结构和基本水平研究的新进展

本文从层次结构的心理表征,基本水平优势的性质和分类差异的原因,场景、事件、情绪、对人分类等非客体领域的分类组织以及专业知识对分类的影响等方面,介绍了国外近年来在分类领域的研究进展情况。     

正面要求与改错对学生作业效果的影响

問題 要使学生牢固地掌握所学习的知識并能灵活运用,重要的教学手段之一,就是练习。至于在不同科目中,对不同年級、不同程度的学生,选择怎样的練习內容、形式和方法才能收到良好的效果,乃是复杂而重要的問題。 在实际教学中,常常遇到这样的情况:当学生掌握了一定程度的基础知識和基本技能后,对同样难度的作业,但从不同角度提出要求,就会得到不同的完成效果。为了探索这方面的問題,本研究在語文知識中,选取了汉字字形作业;在算术知識中,选取了小数与     

对语义网络中概念非类属关系的实验研究

本研究包括三个实验。实验一在混和呈现条件下比较被试对隐喻句和类属句的加工时问,发现可理解性高的隐喻句的R_T不比类属句的慢。实验二在分组呈现条件下比较被试加工隐喻句与类属句的速度,结果与实验一基本相同。实验一、二中还发现类属概念的层次与语义加工时间没有必然联系。实验三比较了隐喻句对三类概念的启动作用,发现隐喻对自身的语义特征概念有明显的启动作用。根据三个实验的结果,我们提出了一种称为特征联结的语义网络结构模型。     

THE EFFECTS OF PERSONALITY SIMILARITY ON PEER RATINGS OF CONTEXTUAL WORK BEHAVIORS

The present field study investigates whether rater-ratee similarity in the Big Five personality factors influences peer ratings of contextual work behaviors. It overcomes problems that previous studies have had by using a polynomial regression analysis and by correcting the potential biases from nonindependence. Using more than 500 peer dyads, we found that rater-ratee similarity in Conscientiousness, but not in other dimensions, was positively associated with peer ratings even after controlling for interpersonal affect. These results suggest that the observed effect of personality similarity may reflect actual behavioral differences rather than biases due to interpersonal affect. Implications of the findings are discussed along with recommendations for future research.     

课堂情境中学生竞争对其成就归因和成就行为的影响

本研究把成就归因区分为倾向性成就归因和情境性成就归因两种类型,并分别检验了在课堂情境中学生之间的竞争对二者以及对成就行为的影响。被试是80名初中一年级学生。结果表明,(1)竞争对学生的倾向性成就归因没有明显影响,而显著地影响着学生的情境性成就归因;(2)竞争对学生随后成就行为没有明显影响;(3)倾向性成就归因对学生的成就行为的影响是显著的,但是它的这种影响却是间接发挥作用的。     

INFLUENCES OF THE VIRTUAL OFFICE ON ASPECTS OF WORK AND WORK/LIFE BALANCE

Millions of employees now use portable electronic tools to do their jobs from a "virtual office" with extensive flexibility in the timing and location of work. However, little scholarly research exists about the effects of this burgeoning work form. This study of IBM employees explored influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance as reported by virtual office teleworkers ( n = 157) and an equivalent group of traditional office workers ( n = 89). Qualitative analyses revealed the perception of greater productivity, higher morale, increased flexibility and longer work hours due to telework, as well as an equivocal influence on work/life balance and a negative influence on teamwork. Using a quasi-experimental design, quantitative multivariate analyses supported the qualitative findings related to productivity, flexibility and work/life balance. However, multivariate analyses failed to support the qualitative findings for morale, teamwork and work hours. This study highlights the need for a multi-method approach, including both qualitative and quantitative elements, when studying telework.     

MANAGING DIVERSITY: HOW ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS TO SUPPORT DIVERSITY MODERATE THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ON AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT

Using the interactional model of cultural diversity, we examined whether the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination on affective commitment can be mitigated by perceived organizational efforts to support diversity. Across 3 studies, we found that perceptions of workplace racial discrimination are negatively related to affective commitment. In 2 out of 3 studies, this negative relationship was attenuated as employees perceived more organizational efforts to support diversity. Studies 1 (mostly Whites) and 2 (mostly Hispanics) showed that organizational efforts to support diversity attenuate the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination on affective commitment. However, in Study 3 (African Americans), results showed that when organizational efforts to support diversity are high, the negative relationship between perceived racial discrimination and affective commitment became stronger. Studies 2 and 3 also extended these results by showing that the interaction of perceived racial discrimination and organizational efforts to support diversity indirectly influences turnover intent.     

THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING IN CRAWLING ON THE MOTOR AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS

LAGERSPETZ, K., NYGÅHD, M. & STRANDVIK, C. The effects of training in crawling on the motor and mental development of infants. Scand. J. Psychol. , 1971 12, 192–197.–Eleven infants under the age of 1 year were trained in creeping for 15 minutes daily for 3 weeks, while 11 children, who served as controls, spent the corresponding times with the experimenters without training. The experimental group learned to creep significantly earlier, and transfer effects on other locomotor development were observed. Even effects on factors other than motor developmental were obtained. A training experiment with a pair of monozygotic twins is also reported.     

石杉碱甲对动物行为和脑皮层电图的影响

石杉碱甲是我国首先从石杉科植物中提取出的一种新生物碱。它是胆碱酯酶抑制剂,它的作用和毒扁豆碱相似,但其毒性较小。本文观察了石杉碱甲对大鼠暗回避反应和家兔脑皮层电图的影响。其主要结果如下: 1 石杉碱甲可对抗东莨菪碱所致的记忆障碍,主要表现为石杉碱甲可使动物进入暗箱的潜伏期延长,并使暗回避反应的错误次数明显减少。 2.石杉碱甲能使家兔皮层区的脑电波均持续出现低振幅快波,并使海马区出现持续的且有规则的θ节律。脑皮层电图的结果表明,石杉碱甲和东莨菪碱相互不但有颉顽作用,而且,进一步证实了石杉碱甲对东莨菪碱的颉顽主要是通过中枢作用来调制的。