GENDER-RELATED PATTERNS OF HELPING AMONG FRIENDS

In this study, the social role theory of gender and helping (Eagly & Crowley, 1986) was applied to understand gender differences in helping behavior. Relationships among criterion variables of time spent helping and help quality; and key predictors of problem severity, empathic tendency, anger, sympathy, closeness, causal controllability, coping, and self-efficacy were applied. Participants from a large community sample ( N = 1,004) described situations in which they helped a friend and completed questionnaires describing factors that influenced their actions. Recipients of the help also filled out similar questionnaires. It was found that across many problem settings women spend more time helping, give higher quality help, and feel more empathy and sympathy in response to their friends' problems. Further, the presence of anger toward a friend is associated with more time spent helping but a lower quality of help. In contrast, men rate their friends' problems as more controllable/blameworthy and experience more anger. Further, controllability has a greater influence on a number of help-related variables. For both men and women, self-efficacy and perception of problem severity are the greatest direct predictors of helping.     

INTELLECTUAL ABILITY AND PROMOTIONAL SUCCESS AMONG HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS

T his study explores the relationship between high level managers' promotional success and two measures of intellectual ability. The Concept Mastery Test was administered to 235 middle managers and 130 higher level executives who attended advanced management training programs. The Ship Destination Test was also given to about half the trainees. Both tests are considered to discriminate well among superior individuals. Those managers who earned high scores were rated more favorably by their peers and the training staff. However, advancement in the 4 to 7 years after the training program was unrelated to test performance.     

SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERSUASIBILITY FACTORS AMONG CHINESE1

Différences selon le sexe dans les facteurs de sensibilité à la persuasion chez des sujets chinois. — Plusieurs analyses factorielles distinctes ont été faites à partir des notes de sensibilité à la persuasion d'adolescents chinois, filles et garçons. Pour les garçons, trois facteurs émergent: le premier est relatif aux aux questions qui ne sont ni idéologiques, ni personnelles, le second aux questions idéologiques et le troisième, aux questions personnelles. Pour les filles, quatre facteurs ont pu être identifiés: L'un semble exprimer un certain ressentiment contre L'autorité masculine, le second est semblable au facteur idéologique trouvé chez les garçons; les deux derniers indiquent une sensibilité, L'un aux effets de priorité, L'autre, aux effets de récence. Les différences selon le sexe que L'on a constatées dans les facteurs, semblent être le reflet des différences dans les normes prescrites à L'un et L'autre sexe dans la culture chinoise traditionnelle.     

DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE STYLES AMONG CHICANOS IN TRADITIONAL AND DUALISTIC COMMUNITIES*

The study examined the development of cognitive styles among 182 Chicano children growing up in two communities, one traditional and one dualistic. The Children's Embedded Figures Test was employed as the measure of field independence. In the first and fifth grades, Chicano children in the traditional community were found to have a relatively field-dependent cognitive style, whereas those in the dualistic community had a relatively field-independent cognitive style. No such difference was present in the third grade. In both communities there was a progressive increase in field independence with increasing age. There were no significant sex differences in cognitive style.     

PERCEPTION AND JUDGMENT OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AMONG THE CHINESE

Perceived relationships among nine facial expressions were structurally represented in a two-space configuration by multidimensional scaling procedure. The two dimensions operative for Chinese judges were interpreted as positive versus negative emotions and open versus controlled styles of expressions. While there was some consensus in identifying seven of the nine intended emotions, interest-excitement and disgust-revulsion were often not recognized. Implications of cross-cultural comparisons in identification rates were discussed.     

职业紧张因素的结构关系分析

运用经修订的库珀职业紧张量表对不同职业和性别的我国职工的职业紧张作了研究,发现不同职业和性别对于职务感受和个人因素解释及身体健康状况等各有显著影响,通过对量表的结构关系分析后认为目标要求、应付工作压力的策略和职工的内部控制感是影响职业紧张的深层原因。从而对现今国外有关职业紧张的理论提出了新的看法,为今后的研究与应用提供了理论根据和实践指导。     

一般能力倾向成套测验简介及其中国试用常模的修订

本文对一般能力倾向成套测验作了简要的介绍。为了试用,对它进行了修订。版本是以日本劳动省１９８３年修订版为蓝本的。日本的版本是来自美国。为了适合国情,对该测验在三个方面作了微小的变动。修订工作自１９８９—１９９２年初。标准化样组是由全国１７个中等以上城市初二至高三学生２１４８名构成的。男女学生的比例为１：１。该测验在结构效度上有很好的证据,稳定信度分数相当好。     

THREE TYPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION: A STUDY AMONG THE JAUNSAR-BAWAR SOCIETY*

The study examines the influence of family structure and family experiences on psychological differentiation in children. Three types of families, viz., monogamous, polyandrous and polygynandrous were selected from the polyandrous society of Jaunsar-Bawar in the Cis-Himalayan region of India. 175 boys and girls of age groups 7-9 and 13-15 years, belonging to the three types of families, were administered the Story-Pictorial EFT, Indo-African EFT and BD tests. Family experiences of the child were assessed through ratings and interview. A 2×3×2 ANOVA performed on differentiation scores revealed significant age and sex effects. Family effect was not statistically significant. But the data suggested a strong trend in the expected direction. The findings have been discussed in terms of the characteristic family patterns of Jaunsar-Bawar and acculturation factors.     

中美成年人和老年人数学能力发展的比较研究

采用一套心理计量测验考察中美两国青老年被试在算术能力、知觉速度及空间方位能力方面的操作是否有国家间和年龄组间差异,不同领域之间是否有不同的能力模式。测验结果表明：在知觉速度和空间方位测验上,中美青年组的操作成绩均明显超过老年组;在算术能力测验上,中国青年组的成绩仍超过老年组,但美国青老年组间则无明显差异;中国青年组在算术能力测验上成绩优于美国同龄组,在其它两个测验上则无明显差异;在所有能力测验上中美老年组的成绩都无明显差异;总的模式表明,美国青年的算术能力呈逐代下降趋势,中国儿童和青年的算术能力远远超过美国同龄人的状况可能只是个近期的现象。     

ACCULTURATION, INTERNALIZATION OF WESTERN APPEARANCE NORMS, AND EATING PATHOLOGY AMONG JAPANESE AND CHINESE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT WOMEN

In the context of the sociocultural model of eating disorders, this study investigated the hypothesis that Westernization would be positively associated with eating pathology among non-Western women. International participants from Japan ( n = 26), Peoples Republic of China ( n = 25), Taiwan ( n = 30), and Hong Kong ( n = 25) who were studying in the United States completed the Eating Attitudes Test, Symptoms Checklist, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire, the American–International Relations Survey, and a demographic questionnaire. Awareness and internalization of Western appearance norms were positively associated with eating disordered symptoms, but acculturation was not. Results lend further support for the sociocultural model. It is suggested that measures of eating pathology and acculturation be closely examined with respect to their cross-cultural relevance, particularly when conducting research involving international populations.     

A TWIN STUDY OF SPATIAL ABILITY

A battery of spatial visualization land form percepthn plus some tests of arithmetic, vocabulary and social perception has been administered to 274 pairs of identical and 198 pairs of frabmal twins. To assess the importance of hereditary components in the individual differences observed, the within pair variance for fraternal paim was compared with the within pair vazianw for identical pains by the F ratio test. The results for 123 pairs of identiml twins and 91 pairs of fraternal twins on the spatial task, were classified in terms of the apparent psychological task requirements of the test. It appears that tests requiring three-dimensional manipdadion of drawings demonstrate more frequently a statistically significant hereditary component.