Words

The words people use in their writing and speaking can serve as markers of personality. Computerized text analysis programs based on word counts represent a methodological strategy for obtaining linguistic information objectively and rapidly from diverse text samples. Several studies are summarized that point to particles or function words (e.g., pronouns, articles, and prepositions) as central determinants of linguistic styles. Particles exhibit solid psychometric properties and are related to measures of depression, social concerns, physical health, and, to a modest degree, traditional personality indices. Possible reasons for the psychological significance of particles are offered, and the challenges facing the linguistic approach to personality are considered.     

英文词、汉字词、早期文字和图画的认知加工比较

采用四种任务考察英文词、汉字词、甲骨文、东巴文和图画在知觉加工和语言加工中的特点, 揭示不同类型符号的认知机制。实验1采用知觉相似度判断和语义一致性判断考察符号在知觉加工和语义加工中的特点; 实验2考察符号在命名与分类中的表现。结果表明：(1)不同类型符号在知觉相似度判断和语义一致性判断中表现不同。符号相似的顺序与文字演化的顺序一致。(2)不同类型符号的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：英文词和汉字词的命名快于分类, 甲骨文、东巴文和图画的分类快于命名。(3)无论是命名还是分类, 对汉字词和图画的反应均快于对东巴文和甲骨文的反应。对英文词命名快于对甲骨文和东巴文命名, 对英文词分类慢于对东巴文分类。(4)英文词、汉字词和图画的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：对英文词、汉字词命名快于对图画命名, 对图画分类快于对英文词、汉字词分类。甲骨文和东巴文的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：对甲骨文命名快于对东巴文命名, 对东巴文分类快于对甲骨文分类。所以如此, 既与符号的外形特征和区别性特征有关, 又与符号记录语言的方式以及对符号的熟悉度有关。研究结果为确定文字发展和演变的规律及甲骨文与东巴文的性质提供了心理学依据。     

Six-Letter Words

Journal of Medical Humanities -     

中性词和负性词的纯粹接触效应

纯粹接触效应指刺激的重复呈现能增加个体对该刺激的喜好。该研究考察中性和负性情绪的非新异刺激能否产生纯粹接触效应。首先评定挑选出本身不使人产生偏好倾向的中性和负性词对。实验一、二分别以所选中性词和负性词为材料, 每个词阈下呈现6次或1次, 后进行偏好判断和再认判断。结果发现, 对多次接触的中性词,偏好分数显著高于随机水平, 再认成绩与随机水平无显著差异; 对多次接触的负性词, 偏好分数和再认成绩均与随机水平相比无显著差异。研究表明, 在阈下呈现的条件下, 中性的非新异刺激能产生经典纯粹接触效应, 而负性非新异刺激则无此种效应。负性情绪材料纯粹接触效应的这一特异性可用加工水平模型解释。     

Words and meaning

Pastoral Psychology -     

Chinese Learners of English See Chinese Words When Reading English Words

The present study examines when second language (L2) learners read words in the L2, whether the orthography and/or phonology of the translation words in the first language (L1) is activated and whether the patterns would be modulated by the proficiency in the L2. In two experiments, two groups of Chinese learners of English immersed in the L1 environment, one less proficient and the other more proficient in English, performed a translation recognition task. In this task, participants judged whether pairs of words, with an L2 word preceding an L1 word, were translation words or not. The critical conditions compared the performance of learners to reject distractors that were related to the translation word (e.g., Open image in new window , pronounced as /bei 1/) of an L2 word (e.g., cup) in orthography (e.g., Open image in new window , bad in Chinese, pronounced as /huai 4/) or phonology (e.g., Open image in new window , sad in Chinese, pronounced as /bei 1/). Results of Experiment 1 showed less proficient learners were slower and less accurate to reject translation orthography distractors, as compared to unrelated controls, demonstrating a robust translation orthography interference effect. In contrast, their performance was not significantly different when rejecting translation phonology distractors, relative to unrelated controls, showing no translation phonology interference. The same patterns were observed in more proficient learners in Experiment 2. Together, these results suggest that when Chinese learners of English read English words, the orthographic information, but not the phonological information of the Chinese translation words is activated. In addition, this activation is not modulated by L2 proficiency.     

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