空间行为关系类比匹配中客体相似性的作用

客体相似性在类比匹配中的作用,是一直存在着争论的问题。该研究通过交叉匹配结合与分离的材料设计,控制类比源和类比目标之间不同相似性,探讨了客体相似性在儿童和成人空间行为关系类比匹配中的作用。实验一通过让儿童和成人完成单目标匹配任务,检验客体相似性对儿童和成人类比匹配影响的不同。实验二采用眼动技术对客体相似性在成人类比匹配过程中的作用进行分区域探讨。结果发现,客体相似性影响儿童空间行为关系类比匹配的成绩,但不影响成人的成绩。成人类比匹配的过程受到结合在关系结构之内的客体相似性的影响。我们提出优先-限制调整观点解释客体相似性在类比匹配中的作用。     

表面特征和结构特征在故事类比通达中的作用

在基于相似性的迁移研究中,表面特征和结构特征在类比提取过程中的作用是研究者关注的中心课题。自20世纪90年代以来,不同的研究者在故事类比通达研究的基础上,得出有关表面特征和结构特征的作用的不同结论。文章以表面特征和结构特征的概念为切入点,主要介绍表面特征和结构特征在故事类比通达中的作用的理论分歧与类比通达模型,指出当前的研究中存在的问题,并提出新的类比通达研究的框架。     

知道感（FOK）和不知道感（FOnK）的双向实验分离

为了实现FOK（feeling-of-knowing）和FonK（feeling-of-not-knowing）的双向分离,实验一采用高频词或者低频词为线索项目,检验FOK和FOnK的预测准确性。结果发现,在低频线索条件下FOK的预测准确性表现出高于FOnK的预测准确性的趋势,而在高频线索条件下则正好相反,但上述两组差异并未在统计学上达到显著的程度。实验二采用词－非词对和相关词对两种实验条件,在证明相关词对条件可以促进FOK并降低FOnK的同时,观察到词－非词条件可以促进FOnK并降低FOK,从而在较为严格的意义上证明了FOK和FOnK是两个不同的维度的量。上述结果为知道感的“双过程假设”提供了进一步的实验证据     

谐音线索和“歇后”时间对谐音型歇后语理解的影响

运用ERPs技术考察谐音线索和前、后语节呈现时间间隔（ISI）对谐音型歇后语理解的影响。行为实验结果表明谐音线索影响语料的通达过程。在短ISI条件下,谐音线索同时作用于反应时和错误率,易化对歇后语的加工;在长ISI条件下,谐音线索仅提高正确率。ERPs结果表明,长ISI诱发更大波幅的N170成分和P200成分,不出现谐音线索将诱发更大波幅的P300成分,同时,短ISI诱发更大波幅的N400成分。实验结果推测,谐音型歇后语的理解分为三个阶段：（１）早期注意、语义识别和初级整合过程;（２）谐音线索加工过程;（３）通过语义映射中介,消除差异,获得同一性的过程。     

基于线索的视觉空间关系判断

融合视觉空间关系识别中的类别关系判断和数量（坐标）关系判断,通过4个实验探讨了影响视觉空间关系判断的线索性方面的因素。结果表明：视觉空间关系判断受角度影响不明显;单线索条件下刺激越靠近可视线索,判断绩效越好;多线索条件下在不显著延长反应时间的情况下有助于提高视觉空间关系判断的正确率;另外不均匀条件（边界线有一定斜率）不利于视觉空间关系的判断。     

外框数目、线索数目和线索类型对返回抑制的影响

采用被试内重复测量设计和经典的线索—靶子实验范式,考查了外框数目（4和8）、线索数目（1和3）、不同线索类型（on-off线索（即线索出现后消失）、onset线索（即线索持续呈现））对返回抑制的影响,发现靶子潜在位置数目越多反应时越长,返回抑制量越小;线索数目越少反应时越长,返回抑制量越大;onset线索反应时长于on-off线索,onset线索产生的返回抑制量大于on-off线索。这表明空间工作记忆负载和记忆痕迹会影响返回抑制。     

基于熟悉性的项目间语义关系再认

在项目间语义关系的熟悉性研究中, 一个关键问题是熟悉性效应依赖于哪种信息的加工, 关系概念还是抽象结构?研究通过两个实验, 借助无线索回忆再认范式(the recognition without cued recall paradigm, 简称RWCR范式)和四词类比材料, 采用混合设计, 直接分离与比较关系概念和抽象结构的加工对RWCR效应的影响。结果发现, 关系概念作为测验线索能够引发显著RWCR效应, 但仅仅学习关系概念却不能;只有学习关系概念的结构化材料时, 才能引发显著RWCR效应。该结果表明, 项目间语义关系的熟悉性过程与结构信息有关。     

文本阅读中情境模型空间维度的非线索更新

采用实时窗口阅读技术,探讨文本阅读中不同研究范式下空间信息更新的特点。结果表明,阅读中情境模型空间信息的非线索实时更新是存在的,但要实现这种更新则需要一定的条件。相对于自动呈现材料,在更为自由的手动阅读条件下,先前阅读的空间信息,尤其是外显的位置信息（如“广场”）能够进行非线索的实时更新（实验一、实验二）;此外,实验三的结果表明,不同的探测位置对空间信息的通达也产生了影响。在更为敏感的探测位置上,内隐的空间实体信息（如,“雕像”）也表现出了非线索的更新。     

语言类比推理的神经机制：来自ERP研究的证据

实验通过“A:B::C:D”范式, 采用事件相关电位技术, 考察了语言类比推理的神经机制。实验结果显示：图式生成阶段诱发出N400和P300成分, 反映了类比源域的词对概念通达和词对关系抽取的加工过程; 类比映射阶段诱发出N400和晚期负成分LNC, 反映了类比目标域前项词汇概念意义的激活, 以及将已获取的图式关系类比映射于目标域, 并进行推理的加工过程。研究结果表明, 语言类比推理的神经机制复杂, 牵涉到一系列认知加工步骤; LNC成分与类比映射阶段的加工关系密切, 其波幅和头皮分布的广泛性情况与类比映射关系的复杂程度成正比。     

MK-801与环境线索交互作用对吗啡行为敏感化的影响

为探讨MK-801与环境线索交互作用对吗啡诱导行为敏感化的影响,将42只大鼠随机分为对照组,MK-801组,吗啡组（匹配和非匹配）和MK-801+吗啡组（匹配和非匹配）。行为敏感化模型建立分为发展期,戒断期和表达期三个阶段。实验结果发现：同时给予MK-801（0.1mg·kg-1）会促进吗啡（5mg·kg-1）诱导大鼠行为敏感化的发展,而且会使MK-801成为大鼠行为敏感化表达所必需的条件性刺激。MK-801的内部线索作用过强,从而削弱了环境的外部线索作用。研究结果表明：MK-801对吗啡诱导行为敏感化的影响存在状态依赖（state-dependency）现象,提示在NMDA受体与行为敏感化关系的研究中应考虑选择刺激特性更小的药物     

The effects of surface and structural feature matches on the access of story analogs

Competing theories of analogical reasoning have disagreed on the relative contributions of surface and structural features to the access of previously read base stories when one is reading a current cue story. A key limitation of the prior work was that surface and structural feature overlap between bases and cues was not manipulated precisely. The present study systematically manipulated the number of surface and structural matches to determine their relative effect on access. Results involving reminding and reading-time measures suggest that surface and lower-order structural features affected access about equally, at least when a higher-order relation (HOR) was shared between a base and cue story. When a HOR was not shared, surface feature overlap continued to affect access while lower-order structural features had a less reliable effect. Models of access might need to be adjusted to account for these phenomena.     

Where Hypotheses Come From: Learning New Relations by Structural Alignment

We test whether comparison can promote learning of new relational abstractions. In Experiment 1, preschoolers heard labels for novel spatial patterns and were asked to extend the label to one of two alternatives: one sharing an object with the standard or one having the same relational pattern as the standard. Children strongly preferred the object match when given one standard but were significantly more likely to choose the relational match when they compared two standards. Experiment 2 provided evidence that comparison processing—as opposed to simply seeing two exemplars—is necessary for this relational effect. Preschoolers who were shown the two standards sequentially without a prompt to compare them preferred object matches, as did those who viewed only one standard. In contrast, those who saw the exemplars together, with a prompt to compare them, showed the same elevated relational responding as found in Experiment 1. We suggest that structural alignment processes are crucial to developing new relational abstractions.     

The transformation of consequential functions in accordance with the relational frames of more-than and less-than

Across three experiments, the transformation of consequential functions in accordance with a seven-member relational network (A-B-C-D-E-F-G) was investigated. In this network, the relational rankings ranged from A, ranked the least, to G, ranked the most. In the first phase, contextual cues for more-than and less-than were established by training participants across multiple exemplars to select comparisons containing larger quantities in the presence of the former cue, and fewer quantities in the presence of the latter cue. Participants then were trained in six conditional discriminations (i.e., AD, F>E, and G>F) with the contextual cues as samples and nonsense words as comparisons, and all possible derived relations were tested (e.g., B相似文献   

Negative Cueing Effects with Weak and Strong Intralist Cues

In three experiments, we studied cueing effects of relational and itemspecific information after enacted and non-enacted encoding of short sentences (e.g. lift the pen, fold the paper). In Experiment 1, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember only the nouns of these sentences; half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns, whereas the other half were not. At retrieval, all subjects were given a free recall test and a cued recall test with the verb of each sentence as the cue. In Experiment 2, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember the whole sentence; as in Experiment 1, half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns and half were not. At test, all subjects were given two cued recall tests, one categorical cue for each noun in the first test and one verb cue and one categorical cue for each noun in the second test. In Experiment 3, at encoding, all subjects were informed about the categorical nature of nouns and were instructed to remember the whole sentence. In this experiment, the actions were performed with imaginary objects; free recall and cued recall tests were given to different subjects. In all three experiments, there was a negative effect of intralist cueing with verbs. This finding is at odds with the Encoding Specificity Principle, which assumes facilitation of cueing at retrieval if the cues were encoded together with the to-be-remembered information at encoding. Also, the effect of intralist cueing was different after encoding with enactment than after encoding without enactment; this difference holds true for enactment with real objects but not for enactment with imaginary objects. Enactment increased both the relational and the item-specific cueing efficiency. The results are discussed in terms of encoding interference between cues and targets and between item-specific processing and relational processing. Enacted encoding is conceived as integrating episodic information both with respect to item specificity and relational aspects of the information.     

Modulation of inhibition of return by type and number of dynamic changes of the cue

Inhibition of return (IOR) is a response delay when the target is preceded by an irrelevant stimulus (cue) at the same location. In a previous study, we investigated the separate and joint effects on IOR of cue onset and offset. IOR was much greater when cue onset was followed by cue offset (on-off cue) than when the cue was a single event (on or off cues). The aim of the present study was to test whether the greater IOR with an on-off cue is due to the presence of two cue events. Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 we replicated, with a different delay between cue onset and offset, the finding that IOR is greater with an on-off cue than with a single cue event. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used cues formed by two events. In Experiment 2, an on-off cue was compared with an off-on cue, whereas in Experiment 3 an on-on cue was compared with an off-off cue. Results showed that the magnitude of IOR did not simply depend on the number of cue events occurring before the target. IOR was greater with two different events than with two identical events and greater when was preceded by an off-event than an on-event. Therefore, IOR was greatest with an on-off cue, which likely also benefited from a gap effect. Possible mechanisms underlying IOR were discussed. Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999     

The Roles of Similarity in Transfer: Separating Retrievability From Inferential Soundness

Similarity is universally acknowledged to be central in transfer, but recent research suggests that its role is complex. The present research attempts to isolate and compare the determinants of similarity-based access to memory and the determinants of the subjective soundness and similarity of a match. We predicted, based on structure-mapping theory, that subjective soundness would depend on the degree of shared relational structure, particularly higher-order structure such as causal bindings. In contrast, we predicted that memory retrieval would be highly sensitive to surface similarities such as common object attributes. To assess retrievability, in three studies, subjects were asked to read a large set of stories and were later given a set of probe stories that resembled the original stories in systematically different ways; e.g., purely relational analogies, surface-similarity matches, or overall (literal similarity) matches. Subjects were told to write out any of the original stories that came to mind. To assess subjective soundness, independent subjects (and also the same reminding subjects) were asked to rate the inferential soundness of each pair; i.e., how well inferences true of one story would apply to the other. As predicted, subjective soundness was highly related to the degree of common relational structure, while retrievability was chiefly related to the degree of surface similarity. Ratings of the similarity of the pairs did not predict the retrievability ordering, arguing against the possibility that the retrieval ordering simply reflected overall similarity. Further, a fourth study demonstrated that subjects given a forced-choice recognition task could discriminate between possible matches on the basis of relational structure, ruling out the possibility that the poor relational retrieval resulted from forgetting or failing to encode the relational structure. We conclude that there is a dissociation between the similarity that governs access to long-term memory and that which is used in evaluating and reasoning from a present match. We describe a model, called MAC/FAC ("any are called but few are chosen"), that uses a two-stage similarity retrieval process to model these findings. Finally, we speculate on the implications of this view for learning and transfer.     

The contribution of external and internal features to the matching of unfamiliar faces

The relative efficacy of external and internal features in matching unfamiliar faces was studied in three experiments in which the subjects matched target and test faces differing in terms of external or internal features, or both. In Experiment 1 only full congruency between target and test faces was considered a match; in Experiments 2 and 3 faces sharing the same external and internal features were also considered to be matches. A total of 100 subjects matched 192 pairs of target and test faces in a same-different task. Reaction times and matching errors were recorded for analyses of variance. In all three experiments performance was best when either all features matched or all features mismatched, with mismatches having a slight edge. When matches of external and internal features with the target faces were inconsistent with each other, mismatches of external features led to faster responses in Experiments 1 and 2, and mismatches of internal features led to faster responses in Experiment 3. The results suggest that since faces are configurational stimuli, face matching is influenced by the non-relevant set of features; and that mismatches, especially of external features, influence face matching more than matches do.     

The divergent effects of fear and disgust on unconscious inhibitory control

Previous studies have shown that negative emotional distracters impair conscious inhibitory control. Recent research has shown that inhibitory control can be triggered unconsciously; therefore, in Experiment 1, we aimed to investigate whether negative emotional distracters affect unconscious inhibitory control. Furthermore, in Experiment 2, we examined whether fearful and disgusting distracters have differential effects on unconscious inhibitory control. Participants were instructed to perform a masked Go/No-Go task superimposed on a negative or neutral image cue (Experiment 1) or on a fearful, disgusting or neutral image cue (Experiment 2). Results showed that negative emotional distracters impaired unconscious inhibitory control; furthermore, disgusting distracters impeded unconscious inhibitory control when compared to fearful ones. This study is the first to provide evidence that fear and disgust may affect unconscious inhibitory control differently. These results expand the understanding of the relationship between emotions and inhibitory control.     

Memory search following valid and invalid abrupt-onset cues

The impact of abrupt-onset cues on memory search was investigated, where the abrupt-onset cue was a valid (Experiment 1), random (Experiment 2), or irrelevant (Experiment 3) predictor of the location containing the test probe. In Experiment 4, the abrupt-onset cue either preceded or followed the test probe. Sternberg-like functions were obtained in Experiments 1 and 2, with the effects of the abrupt-onset cue localized primarily in the intercept rather than the slope. Experiment 3 demonstrated that a spatially separated and irrelevant abrupt-onset cue increased latency even when all memory probes occurred at the fixation point. In Experiment 4, the robust impact of an abrupt-onset cue vanished, regardless of stimulus onset asynchrony, when it followed the target. We concluded that abrupt-onset cues captured attention regardless of their predictability, manifested as a delaying of search. However, once attention was captured by the target, a subsequent abrupt-onset stimulus had no effect. These results were discussed in terms of diffuse attention and contingent capture models of attention.