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1.
Mary Watkins 《Psychological studies》2012,57(1):1-8
Reflections on meeting members of the Zapatista movement and visiting two Zapatista autonomous zones in Chiapas, Mexico inform
an American liberation psychologist’s reflections on how to engage psychology students (and herself) in community and ecological
fieldwork, community practice, and participatory research. The importance of community psychologists’ exploration of their
own subjectivity as they encounter communities outside their own is underlined, as is critical inquiry on the impact of our
social locations on the communities with whom we partner. Zapatistas’ conceptualization of autonomous zones where people can
work together to create forms of shared leadership, decision-making through consensus, communal economics, empowerment of
women, and liberatory arts and education inspire the creation of public homeplaces throughout the world. 相似文献
2.
Tineke Egyedi Ph.D. 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2001,14(2):113-128
Standardization is a means to achieve software compatibility, and not an end in itself. De facto, compatibility can also be
achieved by market dominance—irrespective of the software development process, which may range from a proprietary to an open
source approach. This article explores the compatibility strategies which companies use (diversity) and their effectiveness
(impact) by means of a case: Sun’s strategies regarding Java, a middleware technology where compatibility is crucial. It concludes
that, if we focus on de facto compatibility, standardization need not be the most effective strategy. Compatibility policy should address the critical
inclusion of proprietary and open source specifications.
Her interests include the role of standards consortia (e.g. recent EU project), and the impact of standards on infrastructure
development, a subject addressed in a European workshop she co-organized. She is editor of Tales of Standardisation, a web-based series of instructive and entertaining tales. 相似文献
3.
Hypothesis-testing performance on Wason’s (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129–140, 1960) 2–4–6 task is typically poor, with only around 20% of participants announcing the to-be-discovered “ascending numbers” rule
on their first attempt. Enhanced solution rates can, however, readily be observed with dual-goal (DG) task variants requiring
the discovery of two complementary rules, one labeled “DAX” (the standard “ascending numbers” rule) and the other labeled
“MED” (“any other number triples”). Two DG experiments are reported in which we manipulated the usefulness of a presented MED exemplar, where usefulness denotes cues that can establish a helpful “contrast class” that can stand in opposition to the presented 2–4–6 DAX exemplar.
The usefulness of MED exemplars had a striking facilitatory effect on DAX rule discovery, which supports the importance of
contrast-class information in hypothesis testing. A third experiment ruled out the possibility that the useful MED triple
seeded the correct rule from the outset and obviated any need for hypothesis testing. We propose that an extension of Oaksford
and Chater’s (European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6:149–169, 1994) iterative counterfactual model can neatly capture the mechanisms by which DG facilitation arises. 相似文献
4.
Ruben van Wendel de Joode Yuwei Lin Shay David Ph.D.candidate 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2006,18(4):5-16
This special issue includes seven articles that make significant contribution to the literature pertaining to knowledge and
public policy around Free, Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS). Focusing on questions in two themes (i) motivation and
organization and (ii) public policy, the articles in this volume develop new analytic models and report on new empirical findings,
as an important step in bridging the wide gap that exists in public policy literature around FLOSS. Warning against rhetorical
pitfalls that have been prevalent in FLOSS research, this introduction starts with a short history of FLOSS development, continues
with a brief thematic literature review and review of the misconceptions surrounding FLOSS, and concludes with a first introduction
of the articles that follow.
He is part of the Dutch Institute of Government (NIG), the research school for public administration and political science.
His research focuses on the organization of open source communities. He received two grants from the Netherlands Organization
for Scientific Research (NWO) for research related to open source communities. The first grant was to study the interplay
between intellectual property rights and open source communities. The results are published in Governing the Virtual Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2003). He has written numerous articles on open source, which have appeared in journals like
Electronic Markets; Knowledge, Technology and Policy; and the International Journal of IT Standards & Standardisation Research.
She received her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of York (UK) in 2004. Her Ph.D. research investigated the heterogeneity
and contingency in the Free, Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) social worlds, which is based on a constellation of hacking
practices, from the sociological perspective. Her principal research interests center on FLOSS studies, Science and Technology
Studies (STS), virtual communities and knowledge-sharing.
Shay is also a fellow at The Information Society Project at the Yale Law School. Shay holds a B.Sc. in computer science and
a B.A. in philosophy, magna cum laude, from Tel-Aviv University, and an M.A. from New York University where his interdisciplinary
research thesis focused on the political economy of free and open source software and file sharing networks. Shay is an entrepreneur
that co-founded two software start-up companies, and was involved for several years in cutting edge software research, combining
open source and proprietary software. 相似文献
5.
Ortrud Leßmann 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2009,28(5):449-460
The Capability Approach (henceforth CA) is in the first place an approach to the evaluation of individual well-being and social
welfare. Many disciplines refer to the CA, first and foremost welfare economics, development studies and political philosophy.
Educational theory was not among the first disciplines that took notice of the CA, but has a rising interest in it. This paper
argues that the CA would also profit from looking into educational theory. The first part of the paper shows why and where
educational theory—or more precisely: a theory of learning—is missing in the CA. This is done in three steps: the first section
gives a brief overview of the core concepts of Sen’s CA. Section “Capability and Choosing” focuses on the role of choosing
in the CA. It states the views of Sen and Nussbaum on choosing and shows the shortcomings in their appreciation of choosing.
In consequence, the third section derives some demands on a theory of learning in the CA. The second part of the paper presents
Dewey’s educational theory on experience as a possible starting point when looking for a learning theory that lends itself
to the integration in the CA. Section “Opportunity of Choosing, Experience and Education” introduces Dewey’s conception of
experience, freedom of the learner, conditions of experience and education. Section “Capability and Experience” discusses
how Dewey’s concepts fit into the CA. On the first glance, there are three points in which the CA and Dewey’s concepts match:
the importance of freedom for human life, the role of participation in education and the need to take internal and external
factors as well as their interaction into account in assessing choice situations. This establishes a basis for linking both
theories. Yet, more research is needed to explore the issue further. Section “Conclusion and Outlook” concludes and sketches
the lines for future research. 相似文献
6.
Anil Gupta 《Philosophical Studies》2011,152(1):41-53
I respond to six objections, raised by Selim Berker and Karl Schafer, against the theory offered in my Empiricism and Experience: (1) that the theory needs a problematic notion of subjective character of experience; (2) that the transition from the hypothetical
to the categorical fails because of a logical difficulty; (3) that the constraints imposed on admissible views are too weak;
(4) that the theory does not deserve the label ‘empiricism’; (5) that the motivations provided for the Reliability constraint
are insufficient; and (6) that convergence is bound to fail since epistemic entitlements are permissions. 相似文献
7.
María Jiménez-Buedo 《国际科学哲学研究》2015,29(3):295-310
The Dictator Game (DG), one of the best-known designs in experimental social science, has been extensively criticized, and declared by some to be defunct, on the grounds that its results are the product of a research artefact. Critics of the DG argue that the behaviour observed in the game (where agents frequently decide to share their money with strangers) is not the outcome of genuine pro-social preferences but must, instead, be interpreted as a response to the cues given by the experimental design, where these cues signal that the game is about ‘sharing’ (i.e. about altruism or pro-social behaviour). Despite this criticism, the DG continues to be extensively used, and some have defended its validity as an instrument capable of measuring the role of social pressure and social norms against economic motivations. This article examines the assumptions implicit in the claim that the DG results are artefactual and spells out the conditions under which the game can be used to test hypotheses about pro-social behaviour. To conclude we show how the DG debate helps to illuminate the pitfalls embedded in the abandonment of the dominance principle, and argue that this is crucial to the expanding agenda of experimental economics. 相似文献
8.
Mikulak A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2011,45(2):201-215
As differentiation within scientific disciplines increases, so does differentiation between the sciences and other ways of knowing. This distancing between ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures reflects differences
in what are considered valid and reliable approaches to acquiring knowledge and has played a major role in recent science-oriented
controversies. Scientists’ reluctance to actively engage in science communication, coupled with journalists’ reliance on the
norms of balance, conflict, and human interest in covering scientific issues, have combined to exacerbate public mistrust
of science on issues like the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The failure of effective communications between scientists
and non-scientists has hindered the progress of both effective science and effective policy. In order to better bridge the
gap between the ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures, renewed efforts must be made to encourage substantive public engagement,
with the ultimate goal of facilitating an open, democratic policy-making process. 相似文献
9.
Fan Liu Zachary Johnson Carolyn Massiah Tina M. Lowrey 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2020,19(4):339-350
This research examines consumers' participation in a nonmonetary, nonreciprocal form of online consumer exchange wherein consumers may decide to give only, receive only, or both give and receive. Given the lack of financial incentives or relational norms that would traditionally drive participation in this societally beneficial consumption activity for which we advance the term alternative giving, this research examines consumers' participation motivations. Are consumers, as prior research suggests, motivated to participate in alternative giving activities on the basis of prosocial motives or for other reasons? Through a content analysis of the online Freecycle Network, we found that participation is driven primarily by fundamental consumer needs and wants, though other prosocial, less materialistic factors are also drivers. Our findings also identify an inconsistency in product categories between what givers offer and what receivers seek, suggesting that supply–demand imbalances can emerge within alternative giving communities. 相似文献
10.
William Franke 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2006,60(1-3):61-76
This essay represents part of an effort to rewrite the history metaphysics in terms of what philosophy never said, nor could
say. It works from the Neoplatonic commentary tradition on Plato’s Parmenides as the matrix for a distinctively apophatic thinking that takes the truth of metaphysical doctrines as something other than
anything that can be logically articulated. It focuses on Damascius in the 5–6th century AD as the culmination of this tradition
in the ancient world and emphasizes that Neoplatonism represents the crisis of Greek metaphysics on account of the inability
to give a rational account of foundations for knowing and of the ultimate principle of beings. Neoplatonism discovered how
all such ultimate principles were necessarily beyond the reach of reason and speech. This apophatic insight is drawn out with
the help of contemporary criticism of Neoplatonic philosophy, defining also some points of divergence. The essay then discusses
the motives for thinking the unsayable in postmodern times on the basis of this parallel with Neoplatonic thought. Discourse’s
becoming critical of itself to the point of self-subversion animates them both. However, the tendency in postmodern thought
to totally reject theology, including negative theology, is a betrayal of its own deepest motivations. This tendency is debated
through an examination of the thought of Jean-Luc Nancy. While any traditional discourse can be negated, the negating and
self-negating capacity of discourse itself is infinite, and this is where a perennial negative theological philosophy of the
unsayable is to be located. Language, eminently the language of philosophy, as infinitely open, points in a direction which
becomes equally and ineluctably theological. 相似文献
11.
Yuwei Lin 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2006,18(4):86-100
Unlike innovation based on a strong professional culture involving close collaboration between professionals in academia and/or
corporations, the current Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development entails a global knowledge network, which consists
of 1) a heterogeneous community of individuals and organizations who do not necessarily have professional backgrounds in computer
science but have developed the competency to understand programming and working in a public domain; 2) corporations. This
paper describes the operation of the hybrid form of developing and implementing software, and also identifies several key
factors shaping the collaboration between FLOSS firms and the community.
She received her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of York (UK) in 2004. Her Ph.D. research investigated the heterogeneity
and contingency in the Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) social worlds, which is based on a constellation of hacking
practices, from the sociological perspective. Her principal research interests center on FLOSS studies, Science and Technology
Studies (STS), virtual communities and knowledge management. 相似文献
12.
Eleanor Chelimsky 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(3):8-19
It is a great pleasure and privilege to be here in The Hague this morning to help celebrate what we hope will be a first historic
meeting of the European Evaluation Society. It’s a happy day, not only because of the international character of this group
and its impressive collective credentials, but also because this conference fits so well into the generally high hopes and
expectations that we have for evaluation today.
Eleanor Chelimsky is GAO’s Assistant Comptroller General for Program Evaluation. Since 1980, she has directed GAO’s Program
Evaluation and Methodology Division. Chelimsky is a member of the advisory boards for the University of Chicago’s School of
Social Service Administration and for Camegie-Mellon’s John Heinz School of Public Policy. She is also a member of the editonal
review board for the Sage Research Series in Evaluation and serves on the editorial boards of two joumals:Policy Studies Review andPolicy Studies Review Annual. 相似文献
13.
‘Pupil voice’ is a movement within state education in England that is associated with democracy, change, participation and
the raising of educational standards. While receiving much attention from educators and policy makers, less attention has
been paid to the theory behind the concept of pupil voice. An obvious point of theoretical departure is the work of Jürgen
Habermas, who over a number of decades has endeavoured to develop a theory of democracy that places strong significance on
language, communication and discourse. This paper is an attempt to gauge the usefulness of Habermas’ approach to understanding
the theory of pupil voice, in particular how his theory of universal pragmatics lends itself to a ‘philosophy of between’,
a philosophy that finds echoes in the conflicted nature of schooling that ‘pupil voice’ is supposed to rectify to some extent.
The paper also explores the drawbacks of a Habermasian approach, in particular his overreliance on rationality as a way of
understanding communication. Lacan’s concept of the objet petit a is introduced as an alternative way of understanding pupil
voice. 相似文献
14.
Michael R. Kelly 《Husserl Studies》2008,24(1):15-30
Those familiar with contemporary continental philosophy know well the defenses Husserlians have offered of Husserl’s theory
of inner time-consciousness against post-modernism’s deconstructive criticisms. As post-modernism gives way to Deleuzean post-structuralism,
Deleuze’s Le bergsonisme has grown into the movement of Bergsonism. This movement, designed to present an alternative to phenomenology, challenges
Husserlian phenomenology by criticizing the most “important… of all phenomenological problems.” Arguing that Husserl’s theory
of time-consciousness detailed a linear succession of iterable instants in which the now internal to consciousness receives
prejudicial favor, Bergsonism concludes that Husserl derived the past from the present and cannot account for the sense of
the past, which differs in kind from the present. Consequently, everything on Husserl’s account remains present and his theory
cannot accommodate for time’s passage. In this paper, I renew the Husserlian defense of Husserl’s theory of time-consciousness
in response to the recent movement of Deleuzean Bergsonism. Section one presents Bergsonism’s notion of the past in general
and its critique of Husserl’s theory of time-consciousness. Section two presents a rejoinder to Bergsonism’s critique of Husserl,
questioning (1) its understanding of the living-present as linearly extended, (2) its conflation of the living-present with
Husserl’s early schema-apprehension interpretation, and (3) its failure to grasp Husserl’s revised understanding of primary
memory as a result of (2). In conclusion, I suggest that Husserl’s theory of retention might articulate a notion of the past
more consistent with Bergson than Bergsonism itself.
相似文献
Michael R. KellyEmail: |
15.
This paper examines the relationship between an individual’s degree of religiosity (or piety) and his/her participation in
everyday life in a secular, cosmopolitan and multicultural society such as Singapore, by focusing on the practice of public
dining. Given that Islam has dietary restrictions (‘halal’), this paper hypothesizes that a devout Muslim might be placed in a situation of considerable unease when dining publicly,
as the external environment may conflict with these restrictions. The research for this paper involved interviews with 20
Singaporean Muslims, who have described themselves as being ‘devout’ and ‘practicing’, asking about their views on dining
at public food courts or hawker centers. It finds that rather than choosing to avoid these situations, they engaged in a series
of defensive strategies to accommodate their religious obligations as well as intercultural interactions, to a certain degree.
This paper concludes that because deeply religious Muslims in Singapore implement ‘defensive dining,’ concerns about self-exclusion,
isolationism and separatism are probably unfounded, as these individuals appear willing to participate in multicultural and
cosmopolitan everyday life. 相似文献
16.
John J. Furedy 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(1):5-14
The paper begins with a statement of the Society’s purpose and its pre-Socratic roots. The Society differs from other contemporary
scientific and scientific-professional societies in that it is thoroughly apolitical, unusually open to discussion and debate,
and has had a restricted scholarly written impact. I then suggest and interpret six phases in the Society’s history: (1) the
pre-Socratic roots; (2) Pavlov and the young Gantt; (3) the Society’s Gantt score of years; (4) the Joe McGuigan decade; (5)
the Stewart Wolf era; (6) reforming the Society. I conclude with the hope that even if the content of the Society’s interests
changes, it will preserve the pre-Socratic approach against the various forms of intellectual barbarism that continue to arise.
“People who love wisdom must be acquainted with many things indeed”,fragment from Heraclitus, www.forthnet.grll/presocratics/heracln.htm. 相似文献
17.
Edward H. ThompsonJr. Leslie Killgore Heather Connors 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(3):317-331
Objective Few studies examine how older adults’ health status affects spiritual and religious involvement. This study examined the
effects of gender and poor cardiac health on older adults’ ends, means, and quest religious motivations and frequency of private
devotion. Method Longitudinal data (12 months between the T1 and T2 interviews) with 182 older adults sampled from a Northeast city were used to examine in a multivariate analysis of covariance
whether gender and the existence of cardiac health problems at T1 affected older adults’ spiritual and religious involvement at T2. Findings A gender and cardiac health condition interaction showed older men with heart trouble had more changes in religious involvement—they
engaged in more religious doubt, prayed less, and were not as intrinsically oriented at T2. Discussion The findings strongly suggest that older men with heart trouble may maintain a masculine style and shun seeking divine help. 相似文献
18.
Adrian Voßkühler Volkhard Nordmeier Lars Kuchinke Arthur M. Jacobs 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(4):1150-1162
In the present article, a new software is introduced that allows the recording and analyzing of eye- and mouse-tracking data
from slideshow-based experiments in parallel. The Open Gaze and Mouse Analyzer (OGAMA) is written in C#.NET and has been released
as an open-source project. Its main features include slide-show design, the recording of gaze and mouse data, database-driven
preprocessing and filtering of gaze and mouse data, the creation of attention maps, areas-of-interest definition, and replay.
Eyetracking and/or presentation soft- and hardware recordings in ASCII format can be imported. Data output is provided that
can be used directly with different statistical software packages. Because it is open source, one can easily adapt it to suit
one’s needs. 相似文献
19.
Mirja Helena Hartimo 《Synthese》2008,162(2):225-233
Richard Tieszen [Tieszen, R. (2005). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LXX(1), 153–173.] has argued that the group-theoretical approach to modern geometry can be seen as a realization of Edmund Husserl’s
view of eidetic intuition. In support of Tieszen’s claim, the present article discusses Husserl’s approach to geometry in
1886–1902. Husserl’s first detailed discussion of the concept of group and invariants under transformations takes place in
his notes on Hilbert’s Memoir Ueber die Grundlagen der Geometrie that Hilbert wrote during the winter 1901–1902. Husserl’s interest in the Memoir is a continuation of his long-standing concern
about analytic geometry and in particular Riemann and Helmholtz’s approach to geometry. Husserl favored a non-metrical approach
to geometry; thus the topological nature of Hilbert’s Memoir must have been intriguing to him. The task of phenomenology is
to describe the givenness of this logos, hence Husserl needed to develop the notion of eidetic intuition.
The author wishes to thank Academy of Finland for financial assistance that enabled her to work on this article. 相似文献
20.
Bryan Pfaffenberger 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2000,13(3):78-92
This article examines the nature and legality of FUD, which—as will be seen—is a timely subject. IBM may have been FUD’s originator
but its greatest practitioner is allegedly none other than Microsoft, which (according to the firm’s critics) has repeatedly
exercised FUD tactics in order to acquire and maintain its operating system monopoly. In particular, this article compares
Amdahl’s experience with IBM to the emerging contours of Microsoft’s battle against a surprisingly able competitor, the open
source operating system called Linux. A major contention of this essay is that attorneys, judges, and legal scholars tend
to pay insufficient attention to the unique characteristics of technology enterprises, and thus cannot distinguish meaningfully
between practices that are plainly legal under U. S. antitrust law, and those which are not. A perspective drawn from the
history and sociology of technology (namely, Thomas P. Hughes’ concept of technological systems) is used to elucidate what is predatory, and what is not, in a dominant market player’s use of FUD and associated marketing
tactics.
where his scholarly and teaching interests include cyberlaw, intellectual property in high-tech industries, and the social
issues posed by advanced information technology. He is also the author of several best-selling trade and textbook titles,
including Webster’s New World Dictionary of Computer Terms, 9th ed. (Hungry Minds) and Computers in Your Future, 4th ed. (Prentice-Hall). He lives in Charlottesville, Virginia. 相似文献