LES DIMENSIONS DE LA DETRESSE PSYCHOLOGIQUE: ANALYSE FACTORIELLE CONFIRMATOIRE DE TYPE HIERARCHIQUE*

The study of the hierarchical organization of psychological distress dimensions is plagued by numerous theoretical and methodological problems. The researcher must take into account the respective value of unidimensional and multidimensional conceptualizations and the complex debates between factor analysis experts. The main purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the construct validity of a hierarchical model of psychological distress. The sample consisted of 150 outpatients of the University of Montreal Psychology Clinic which completed the Psychiatric Symptoms Inventory. The results of first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analyses show the value of a hierarchical conceptualization of psychological distress. However, an examination of normalized residuals, total direct effects and modification indexes reveals the inadequacy of some items from the anxiety and cognitive problems subscales. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.     

LES CONDUITES SOCIALES CHEZ DES ENFANTS ‘AUDACIEUX’ DE 9–10 MOIS*

Among 38 infants of 9–10 months who were exposed to a strange person on the one hand, and to a novel inanimate object on the other hand, 17 left their mother and came near the stimulus in both situations. This study focuses on these 17 ‘bold’ infants, whose behaviors (place-shifts, looks, smiles, vocalizations, manipulations, contacts with mother) were compared from one situation to another (person/object), and also, within each situation, on their being emitted either near the stimulus or away from it (proximity/distance). Such comparisons showed that although these infants acted in almost the same way when they were close to the person or to the object, many aspects of their behavior nevertheless differed clearly from one situation to the other. With the object, the approach was immediate and the contact was a proximal one. With the person, on the other hand, the approach was delayed, and keeping a certain distance seemed essential to the establishment of the relation: it was mainly from afar that the infants communicated with the stranger, through behaviors that were well adapted to social interactions (looks and smiles). These results were interpreted as indicating that children of this age can truly understand the distinctive nature of social and nonsocial situations, and use the appropriate familiarization strategy required by these two types of situations.     

伊斯兰的“黑马”

西方的穆斯林 西方的穆斯林是否将在明天成为伊斯兰文明的“黑马”？我们所说的“黑马”,是指英语中谈到某个人意外获得一场比赛的最终胜利时经常使用的所谓“outsider”一词的涵义,     

人文社会科学中的硬蒙昧主义与软蒙昧主义

研究是一项冒险活动。它始终包含着失败的可能。许多研究者虽败犹荣，尽管有时很具悲剧色彩：他们毕生献身于发展某种假设，到头来却被完全否定。本文的阐释主题乃是那些不光彩的失败。换句话说，我们论述的对象是极端负面的。