Economic Exploitation in Intercollegiate Athletics

This paper investigates philosophically the question of whether or not college and university athletes in the USA are doing something morally wrong should they terminate their college or university experience prior to graduation and enter the professional athletic ranks. Various moral arguments are brought to bear in order to attempt to shed light on this issue. One reason why such athletes ‘turn professional’ before they graduate is the perceived economic exploitation they experience as essentially underpaid workers earning much revenue for their respective institutions. But who is exploiting whom here? Is it just student athletes who are exploited by the system? I expand the reasoning about the exploitation of intercollegiate athletics to include not just student athletes, but their supporting colleges and universities. In the end, it is proposed that the National Collegiate Athletic Association and similar academically related athletic agencies should permit and encourage each of their constituent institutions as a matter of policy to protect themselves (and their supporting taxpayers, in the cases of public institutions) contractually from economic exploitation by professional sports franchises. Thus the question of student athletes leaving college for professional sports contracts has hidden beneath it questions of private professional sports franchises’ exploitation of the institutions with which such student athletes are affiliated.     

Student Personnel Work: A Profession Stillborn

In half a century, student personnel work has not achieved professional recognition on campuses. As evidence, basic literature is cited both quantitatively and qualitatively. Preoccupation with housekeeping functions remains a major reason for the field's low esteem. The personnel point of view provides an inadequate base for professional organization. Fragmentation into a growing number of specialties characterizes current developments. The early dreams of a profession of student personnel work cannot be realized.     

Hidden Agendas and the Learning-Earning Controversy: A Reply to Robert J. Nash and Kenneth P. Saurman

Student personnel administrators have a vital role to play in the university as facilitators and counselors, but they should not attempt to be “comprehensivists” or “meaning makers.” The Nash-Saurman emphasis on such roles, and on “personal meaning” in higher education, misrepresents the activities of faculty members and the primary mission of the university and invites continued dilution of academic rigor. Such emphases also reflect a continuation of, rather than a break with, the marketplace mentality in higher education and constitute a politically self-serving position on the part of professional educators.     

The Past,Present, and Future of Student Affairs: A Professional Profile of Theodore K. Miller

Theodore K. Miller began his career in 1957 as the counselor for men at the University of Florida and then worked as a counseling psychologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo starting in 1962. He left there 5 years later to start a student personnel program at The University of Georgia. During his 30 years at Georgia, Miller established a nationally recognized graduate professional preparation program and became one of the most prominent figures in the field of college student development. This profile focuses on the professional influences in his life and on his role in developing quality assurance measures for counseling and human development programs and for student affairs functional areas.     

Environmental,Social, and Psychological Experiences of Asian American Undergraduates: Examining Issues of Academic Persistence

A total of 160 Asian Americans (55 Chinese, 13 Filipino, 27 Japanese, 32 Korean, 15 Pacific Islander, and 18 Vietnamese) completed a series of standardized instruments assessing their environmental, social, and psychological experiences as undergraduates. The purpose of this study was threefold: to provide a composite of student experiences; to investigate the interrelationships of comfort in the university environment, social support, and self‐beliefs; and to examine the influence of these constructs on the academic persistence decisions of Asian American undergraduates. Overall, social support variables were the strongest predictors of academic persistence. Research‐derived implications for university personnel and professional counselors are provided.     

THE NEW UNIFORM GUIDELINES ON EMPLOYEE SELECTION PROCEDURES IN THE CONTEXT OF UNIVERSITY PERSONNEL DECISIONS

The new Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures are considered in a context of university employment decisions. The use of student evaluations as valid criteria for faculty personnel decisions such as hiring, retention, tenure, promotion, or salary increases is examined. Standards of validity contained in the Guidelines are probably not being met with regard to most student rating forms currently used. Recommendations are made regarding use of student and administrators' ratings as criteria for personnel decisions. The need for studies on contaminating sources of variance in ratings is emphasized.     

A radical change in counselor education and certification

The new Washington state certification plan for school counselors includes promising innovations. The plan calls for behaviorally stated performance standards related to client outcomes. Resulting programs for in-service as well as pre-service counselors are developed in a partnership among professional associations, school districts, and university counselor education personnel. Professional identity and involvement are encouraged through counselor self-assessment against specific performance criteria, individualized training and self-renewal programs, and lifelong professional development plans. A new role is developed of a counselor staff development specialist who functions as a school training consultant and counselor educator.     

心理资本对大学生就业成功率的影响

心理资本近年已成为研究大学生就业状况相关问题的热点之一.研究采用问卷调查法探讨了性别、生源地、专业、实习经验等因素对大学生心理资本的影响,以及两者对大学生就业成功率的影响.具体采用列联表分析、￡检验、方差分析以及二元logistic回归分析分析了心理资本各维度与各因素对大学生就业成功率的影响,发现专业和实习经历对心理资本有显著影响,心理资本中的乐观维度对大学生就业成功率有显著影响;建议为了提高大学生就业成功率,学校应努力为大学生提供更多的实践机会,重视大学生的人文教育,营造乐观的文化氛围.     

The Place of Counseling in the Preparation of Student Personnel Workers

The nature of preparation of student personnel workers is currently under discussion. Because of the variety of settings within higher education in which student personnel workers function and the specialized nature of their functions, their preparation should be different from counseling psychologists. Consideration is given to the possible conflicting nature of the student personnel worker's commitment to the institution and his commitment to individual students. The inadequacy of a philosophy of counseling based on radical individualism is discussed. An attempt is made to formulate a consistent and integrated rationale for student personnel work. The position is taken that education as a counselor, based upon an adequate philosophy of individual development within lines that will benefit the whole society, is crucial to adequate functioning as an effective student personnel worker.     

College Counseling: Union and Intersection

College counseling can best be understood as the intersection of a professional activity and an environment. The specialty has developed from the merging of several movements: vocational guidance, mental health, and student personnel work. These elements are reflected in the diversity of backgrounds and perspectives represented by college counselors and in differing models of counseling services. College counseling will be affected by trends including health care reform, scarcity of resources in higher education, changing student demographics, and complex societal issues.     

The Influence of Efficacy Beliefs on Teacher Performance and Student Success: Implications for Student Support Services

The influence of teachers’ efficacy beliefs on student achievement is well documented in educational literature. Efficacy beliefs are derived from sources of information teachers obtain from professional experiences. This article provides student support services personnel with an overview of efficacy beliefs and their impact on teachers’ thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. A cognitive behavioral framework, rational emotive behavior therapy, is used to conceptualize ways efficacy beliefs may hinder teacher performance and student success. Implications for student support services and research are provided.     

Student welfare and guidance: The pastoral role of the academic

Problems relating to the role of academic staff in the pastoral care of students in institutions of higher education are discussed, and the arrangements made in one university for the provision of such pastoral care are considered. The operation of this 'supervisory system' is shown to vary between the different departments, and the views of the heads of departments are seen to be far from unanimous. The responsibilities attributed by heads of departments to supervisors are numerous and diverse. Perhaps, with the influx of professional student counsellors into institutions of higher education, the time is ripe for a re-assessment of the part academic staff can play in the pastoral care of their students.     

创造力投资理论在教学计划修ys中的应用与思考

创造力投资理论把影响个体创造力的因素归为五个内部系统和一个外部系统的相互作用。它提示护理教育者为培养护理创新人才,在充分利用大学和社会优质资源的前提下,应制定有利于开发学生自主的学习能力、可持续发展的知识结构、多元化的思维方式、健康积极的个性品质和职业成就动机等个体创新资源的教学计划与实施方案。     

Declarative knowledge and professional vision in teacher education: Effect of courses in teaching and learning

Background. Teachers’ professional vision includes the ability to apply general pedagogical knowledge about components of effective teaching and learning to reason about significant features of classroom practice. It requires teachers to (a) describe, (b) explain, and (c) predict classroom situations. Although the acquisition of underling knowledge can be considered as a key element of university‐based teacher education programmes, to date, there has been little empirical research on teacher candidates’ development of professional vision. Aims. This study aims to improve understanding of how different university‐based courses in teaching and learning impact the development of professional vision. Sample. Participants were teacher candidates (N= 53) attending the same teacher education programme at a German university. They were enrolled in one of three different compulsory courses in teaching and learning, lasting one semester. Methods. In a pre‐test–post‐test design, participants’ declarative knowledge about teaching and learning was measured with a test, professional vision with the online tool Observer. Analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were conducted. Results. Teacher candidates in all three courses showed significant gains both in declarative knowledge and professional vision. Patterns of results differed depending on the course attended. A video‐based course with a focus on effective teaching resulted in highest gains in prediction of the consequences of observed events for student learning processes, which is the highest level of knowledge transfer. Conclusion. The development of professional vision is a strongly knowledge‐guided process. In line with their content and aims, university‐based courses can enhance teaching‐relevant knowledge for teacher candidates.     

A generalist counselor in industry

The professional counselor can develop a viable function in the industrial setting, but it may not entail the highly specialized role of the traditional model. From the vantage point of an experimental position in a blue-collar business, such factors as role versatility, geographic mobility, flexibility in methodology, and interdepartmental team building are considered in initiating an unusual program. The first year's results are described and evaluated. The program seeks to bring all corporate resources and personnel to bear on satisfying any kind of human need. The main thesis is that the need of the client should determine the role of the counselor.     

Counselling students, training counsellors: Quality within quantity

The clash between the opposing needs of financial constraints and an increasingly distressed student population is being widely debated in higher education. A successful attempt to circumvent this dilemma is described. This involved setting up an expanded counselling network with an emphasis on professional service provision, and combining this with the training and professional development of a network of part-time counsellors. Ethical and practical issues are explored in detail, and encouragement is given to other institutions to use a similar model.     

The University Counseling Center: An Agenda for the 1990s

Changes in higher education will hold special relevance for university counseling centers in the 1990s. Opportunities will exist for counseling center personnel to help institutions deal with some emerging problems. Research is reviewed that indicates that crisis management services, career development concerns, a changing student population, and issues related to retention all represent areas in which contemporary counseling centers could make significant contributions. Recommendations are made about how counseling centers might prepare themselves for such involvement.     

Private work in public places: Confidentiality and role tensions in a university counselling service

This paper aims to explore issues of confidentiality relating to working with undergraduate and postgraduate students in a university counselling service. The context of a counselling service within our institute of higher education has to be understood in its relationship to academic, administrative and managerial staff, to medical and psychiatric services personnel and to the wide range of other student support and welfare services in the organization whether run by university staff or the students' union. Some reflection will be given to the need for clarity in the range of roles counsellors have to play within the different functions of the university. The client-counselling relationship cannot be seen as a dyad but as a triad or an even more complex constellation of relationships when regarded in an institutional context. The central premise is based on understanding the conscious and unconscious dynamics in the institution and how these impinge on the relationship between client and counsellor in challenging or assuming the confidentiality held by the service. Such boundary issues are identified in consultation and referral, breaking confidentiality, referral of disruptive students, calls for help and holding confidentiality. The case material drawn on to illustrate these five areas is also described in terms of anxieties raised and how these are projected, introjected and contained.

Within the service client and counsellor contract to work together. It is made clear that counselling is a professional relationship with agreed boundaries and a commitment to confidentiality. This is crucial to the working relationship and is a means of providing the client with both safety and privacy. Any limitation on the degree of confidentiality offered may reduce the usefulness of counselling. Bound by his or her professional code of ethics the counsellor will reach an agreement with the client at the outset about the extent of confidentiality they are offering, take care not to disclose information given in confidence and, when possible, be able to negotiate any change in agreement with the client.

Exceptional circumstances which may occur and give rise to the counsellor's decision to break the confidentiality formerly agreed between him or herself and the client are those which give grounds for believing the client will cause serious harm to others or themselves or have harm caused to them. Reference will be made to the role of consultant supervision in such situations and how any breaking of confidentiality can best be minimized. Attention will be given to the relevant ethical codes to which counsellors adhere and the issues of confidentiality within the legal process as well as whether the requirements of providing counselling services for students in higher education impel us, logically and practically, towards certain policies in regard to boundaries.     

Personal and social aspects of professional identity.: An extension of Marcia's identity status model applied to a sample of university students

The study proposed an extension of Marcia's identity status model based on validation of the Professional Identity Status Questionnaire (PISQ-5d), a scale able to measure both intra-individual and intergroup processes connected with the development of a professional identity in university students. The aims were to prove the construct validity of the PISQ-5d, to determine the appropriate number of identity statuses, and to assess the concurrent validity of the identity statuses considering both job-related and academic factors. In this study, 477 university students completed a questionnaire with the PISQ-5d scale; 220 also completed the measures of work values; and 168 completed the measures of student self-esteem and self-efficacy, academic motivation, and grades. Results confirmed the expected five-dimensional structure of the PISQ-5d and the scale's effectiveness at differentiating five types of identity status. Relationship between professional identity status and job-related and academic factors showed that the students with achievement or foreclosure identities had higher scores on measures of academic self-esteem and intrinsic work value and had lower scores for intention to leave university. Implications in terms of considering the PISQ-5d scale a useful tool for the evaluation of professional identity construction processes in university students will be discussed.