用对比法教分数应用题的实验研究

研 究 目 的 小学分数应用题的教学是目前小学算术教学中“老、大、难”的问题之一。我国心理学工作者的研究已涉及这问题,并说明,在应用题的复习教学中运用交错对比能有效地防止或减少解题错误。但是,他们认为:“在新授教学过程中难以应用交错对比。能不能在新授教学过程中运用对比的教学方法?这种方法在学生掌握应用题的解法中有哪些效果?我们想通过实验对这个问题的探索,为改进分数应用题教学提供一些参考资料。     

COUNSELING IN THE STATE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE

The place and importance of counseling in State Employment Services has, in many instances, not been recognized as a necessary function of the United States Training and Employment Service (USTES) by some local office managers as well as administrators. After discussing this matter with the counselors in the Halsted office, the following article was written not to justify the existence of counseling but hopefully to show its importance.     

FLUCTUATIONS IN THE TIME REQUIRED FOR ELEMENTARY DECISIONS

Abstract— The nature of reaction time variability is analyzed in a suite of four experiments involving tasks, methodologies, and types of perceptual judgment commonly encountered in cognitive psychology In every case, a substantial fraction of the trial-by-trial variability in reaction time latency is shown to be well described by a particular type of fluctuation known as l/f noise. These results suggest that the time it takes to make and register a speeded decision reflects a kind of dynamic complexity that is seen in natural systems that self-organize at the boundary between order and chaos.     

COUNSELING IN INDUSTRY: A SELECTED REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

This paper reviews the literature on counseling in business and industry. It summarizes what is known about (a) the extent to which personal and career counseling services exist within industry and (b) the effectiveness of various counseling programs in dealing with specific employee problems or concerns. The review is divided into three major sections. The first describes various programs and research involving counseling for personal problems. This is followed by a summary of efforts by industry to provide various forms of career counseling and guidance. Finally, the last section offers several conclusions about the current state of counseling in industry and discusses some implications for future research and evaluation such as the need for more clarity in what is typically referred to as counseling, increased specification of objectives and outcome criteria, comparison of different types of counseling approaches, a broader examination of the extensiveness of counseling in industry, and a higher standard for practitioner-oriented magazines which publish articles about counseling in industry.