Perceptual Robustness of the Nonrelationship Between Psychopathology and Popular Responses on the Hand Test and the Rorschach

A Hand Test Popular response is developed using 106 normal subjects and Rorschach's traditional "one-in-three" criterion. Six popular responses were derived. Neither the newly established Hand Test Popular response nor the Korschach Popular discriminated psychosis from nonpsychosis. but as expected, Rorschach X+% and Rorschach WSum6 were significant, and the Hand Test Bizarre (BIZ) score approached significance. Both the Rorschach Popular and the newly developed Hand Test Popular await further elucidation.     

A Comparison of Three Rorschach Diagnostic Systems and Use of the Hand Test for Detecting Multiple Personality Disorder in Outpatients

Eleven individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder (MPD) on the basis of clinical observation by experienced therapists plus elevated scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam. 1986) were administered the Rorschach Inkblo; Test and the Hand Test. Results from the sample (n = 11) and a matched control group (N = 22) were analyzed and discussed in accordance with previous Rorschach diagnostic systems. The Wagner Signs diagnosed 91% (n = 10) of the MPD cases in this outpatient sample, with no false positives. The Labott Signs were found to have no utility, and the Barach Signs, when they occurred, seemed to be diagnostic of MPD but yielded a high rate of false negatives. Hand Test results were analyzed and found to be possibly diagnostic of MPD. Tentative criteria were proposed for its use as an additional tool for diagnosing MPD.     

A theoretical explanation of the dissociative reaction and a confirmatory case presentation.

A theoretical explanation for the classical distinction between the conversion and dissociative hysterias was advanced based on previous research with cases of conversion hysteria and multiple personality. The principles were illustrated and extended using Rorschach and Hand Test data from a fugue state.     

Study of structural analysis: comparing differential diagnoses based on psychiatric evaluation, the MMPI, and structural analysis of the Hand Test and Rorschach.

Experimental investigation of Structural Analysis compared diagnoses of 30 psychiatric inpatients derived independently from psychiatric evaluations, MMPI analyses, and Structural Analysis interpretation of Hand Test and Rorschach data. Results yielded positive preliminary implications for the use of Structural Analysis in psychodiagnostics.     

Identification and Ego Defensiveness in Thematic Apperception

A theoretical explanation for the classical distinction between the conversion and dissociative hysterias was advanced based on previous research with cases of conversion hysteria and multiple personality. The principles were illustrated and extended using Rorschach and Hand Test data from a fugue state.     

Sort-Score Correlates of Schizophrenia

The Structured Objective Rorschach Test was administered to 61 schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric hospital. Ss scored within the average range on all but 2 of 27 attributes; these were the attributes Popular and Original. Popular and Original scores were inversely related and differentially related to W, Dd, and F-. When P and O were combined the score for the Conformity attribute was within the average range. A validity scale is discussed.     

Differentiation of brain damage among low IQ subjects with three projective techniques.

Using a battery of three projective techniques (Rorschach, Hand Test, Bender-Gestalt) only slight discrimination was found between low IQ subjects classified according to the presence or absence of brain trauma (exogenous vs endogenous), while substantial discrimination was obtained between the same subjects categorized in terms of "lower" (60-74) and "higher" (75-89) FS WAIS IQ. All four groups used in this study had been first equated on sex and age. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that some sort of brain impairment underlies most or all retardation. Question was raised concerning the efficacy of projective techniques for diagnosing organicity in subjects of average or better intelligence.     

The Imaginary Lovers Delusion: A Diagnostic Case Study

A patient who believed that two imposters were posing as her and her ex-fiance was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic with the aid of the Rorschach, DAP and Hand Test. Projective tests not only accurately reflected various elements of the girl's psychopathology but also revealed certain voyeuristic tendencies which appeared to be related to the projection of a double. The delusion was tentatively classified as a variation of Capgras' syndrome.     

Differences of prefrontal cortex activity between picture-based personality tests: a near-infrared spectroscopy study

This study reports on brain activity induced by picture-based personality tests. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a newly developed, noninvasive technology in neuroimaging that can measure brain activity through blood volume changes. We measure the prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 10 [BA10]) activities of adolescents during the Rorschach (1921), the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (PFS; Hayashi, 1964), and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943). BA10 showed that the PFS was left-hemisphere dominant and significantly different from the Rorschach and TAT, which showed a tendency to be right-hemisphere dominant. We believe that this tendency reflects emotion and sociality.     

Hand Test indices of violent and destructive behavior for institutionalized mental retardates.

The Hand Test (Wagner, 1962) and the maladaptive behavior scale of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) were administered to 78 institutionalized retardates (46 males and 32 females) in order to investigate the relationship between violent and destructive behavior and two purported indicants of violent and destructive acting-out behavior on the Hand Test, the acting-out-score (AOS and movement-content response (ACT-MOV). Significant correlations between the two Hand Test indices and the number of types of violent and destructive behavior evinced during a three-month period were obtained.     

Projection,Play and Poetry

Ninety-two elderly Ss ranging in age from 57 to 92 were examined in an effort to find a battery of psychological tests which would effectively measure their level of intactness or deterioration of function. Five tests were used: the Rorschach, Gesell Incomplete Man Test, Bender Gestalt, Monroe's Visual Three, and the Color Tree Test. Ss were identified as normal adult, intact presenile, medium presenile and deteriorated on the basis of their Rorschach response. To check on the adequacy of this sorting, responses of each group were averaged for each of the other four tests. Differences between the several groups, on every test, were significant at the .001 level as measured by the median test.     

Response pattern analysis of the Hand Test: age differences

Extended the literature on age differences on the Hand Test using a multivariate model to examine absolute and relative differences in response. Participants were 47 adults (M age = 22.47 yrs.), 24 males and 23 females; and 45 older adults (M age = 64.87 yrs.), 21 males and 24 females. Data were analyzed in terms of percentage of response and absolute frequency of specific responses, between the age groups. Results indicated similar findings to those previously reported for the Hand Test, though magnitude of personality deterioration or withdrawal was lessened, for the percentage analysis. Results indicated the importance of using both absolute frequency of response and percentage of response in the interpretation of projective test data, especially for older adults.     

One last response to the Rorschach test: a second chance to reveal oneself

This paper explores a technical procedure, that of asking for one more response after the patient has given response(s) to Card X of the Rorschach. This "one last response" in the context of "ending" is discussed. Endings have many meanings but the ending of the Rorschach can be more than just a relief to the weary patient and/or tester who may have been experiencing the disquieting inner workings of the patient's unconscious. The ending of the Rorschach with the additional "one last response" can be the source of valuable clinical questions and inferences applicable to treatment.     

罗夏墨迹测验中“装好”与诈病反应的研究与进展

传统观念认为罗夏测验具有投射测验的性质,因此受测者无法在其测验中故意“装好”和诈病。但相关研究发现,受测者的“装好”反应对于罗夏测验结果没有产生实质性的影响,不能改变罗夏测验的基本数据特征和结构汇总性量表;而诈病反应的研究结论不尽相同,受测者有可能造成罗夏测验变量得分的改变,伪装成相应精神病理症状。如果联合使用MMPI和罗夏测验,则可以精确地评估受测者的伪装反应。目前已有的研究存在被试取样单一、研究数量偏少、无法确定临界值等问题。罗夏测验“装好”和诈病反应研究还处于初步阶段,需要继续深入研究并建立专门的“装好”和诈病量表。     

Test-retest reliability of the Hand Test with normal subjects

The Hand Test (Wagner, 1962) was administered to 71 subjects; 14 days later these subjects were again administered the Hand Test. Results indicated the Hand Test is a highly reliable measure of an individual's behavioral action tendencies.     

Hostility of asocial youth as measured by the TAT and Rorschach.

23 boys and 13 girls, aged 13 to 17 yr., from two homes for delinquents were given the Thematic Apperception Test. Girls were also given the Rorschach. The 1960 Hafner and Kaplan TAT and Rorschach hostility indices were related to the 1977 Luukkonen indices (aggression-inward, aggression-outward, fantasy-aggression, oral, anal and phallic content), to the Pruitt and Spilka empathy index, and to the Neiger reality index. The TAT hostility index for boys was significantly higher than that for girls; boys expressed more physical and girls more verbal hostility in TAT stories. On the Rorschach, aggression outward and inward correlated significantly with Rorschach hostility, phallic and oral themes.     

Sweet sorrow: the color-shading response in an adult cystic fibrosis population

Research on the color-shading response on the Rorschach has been limited previously to its use as a predictor of suicide. The theoretical understanding of this response was addressed by some of the major Rorschach authors. Adult cystic fibrosis patients were administered a battery of psychological tests, including the Rorschach. While these patients face a premature death, none of these patients were suicidal. A higher than usual incidence of color-shading responses occurred. Rapaport's hypothesis that the color-shading response is an expression of a simultaneously conflicting emotion, or similar to "sweet sorrow," was suggested as a possible hypothesis.     

Shifts and constancies in Rorschach responses as a function of culture and language

This study examined the relationship between Korean and American cultures and languages on Rorschach responses. The Rorschach Inkblot Test was individually administered to 20 Korean monolinguals, 20 American monolinguals, 20 Korean bilingual immigrants, and 10 American bilingual missionaries returned from Korea. The bilingual subjects took the test in Korean and in English. The results showed some shifts as well as some constancies in Rorschach responses as a function of culture. The results on the effect of language on Rorschach responses were less clear.     

Rorschach Comprehensive System data for a sample of 52 older adult nonpatients from the United States

This study is composed of 52 older adults, ages 60 to 80, all from the United States. In addition to being administered the Rorschach (Rorschach, 1942), all participants also were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Weschler, 1981), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), the Neuro Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE; Kiernan, Mueller, Langston, & Van Dyke, 1987), and the Trail Making Test Part B (Reitan, 1958; Reitan & Wolfson, 1993). Examiners included the principal author as well as three other trained examiners. Inclusion criteria are described. Interrater reliability statistics at the response level are presented along with scores for the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 1995).     

The Hand Test: fifteen years later

The Hand Test, a projective device developed about 15 years ago, has gained rapidly in popularity among clinical and school psychologists. A variety of reliability and validity studies have been conducted with the instrument across a broad spectrum of clients and settings, A considerable amount of developmental work has been conducted on the Hand Test since its inception. Research on this test was reviewed and discussed with the conclusion that the Hand Test has merit in many clinical applications for children, adolescents and adults. The instrument has potential in diverse assessment situations and is used today by a wide spectrum of practitioners. Research points toward the Hand Test as being a valuable quantitative multidimensional instrument which predicts behaviors.