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EMT是社会认知领域中的一种新的认知偏差理论。EMT是基于统计学上的两类基本错误,在对一种新的认知偏差——适应性偏差进行解释时提出的。认为处于不能确定情况下的个体,在判断和决策过程中,有可能犯两种不可避免的错误,个体通过对犯这两种错误的代价进行比较,往往会选择犯其中代价较小的错误。作者在阐述这一理论的同时,指出了EMT在社会心理学中广泛的应用前景,尤其在侵犯等一些社会心理领域中具有不可估量的理论意义和实践价值。 相似文献
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关于错误记忆成因的解释主要有三种理论：建构主义理论、来源监控理论、模糊痕迹理论。建构主义理论认为对经验的记忆和对其解释的混合导致错误记忆产生;来源监控理论主张记忆来源的混淆或错误归因导致错误记忆发生;模糊痕迹理论断言当需要精确记忆却提取主旨记忆时或提取错误精确记忆时就会产生错误记忆。 相似文献
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采用“新故事”对来自两所幼儿园的133名3~6岁儿童的二级错误信念进行了测查,探查了这一阶段儿童二级错误信念认知的发展。研究主要得出以下结论：4岁左右的儿童能够掌握二级未知知识,但是儿童对于二级错误信念的理解要晚1~2年,6岁左右是儿童二级错误信念发展的关键期。儿童对于信念问题的错误回答主要是基于一级推理,相当一部分的6岁儿童能够基于二级推理对信念问题做出合理解释。儿童对于二级错误信念认知的发展不是一个全或无的过程,而是一个逐步发展的过程。 相似文献
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错误信念理解后儿童心理理论的发展 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
错误信念理解后儿童心理理论的进一步发展是近年来发展心理学研究中比较活跃的一个课题。该文在简要介绍儿童心理理论获得的主要标志--错误信念理解的基础上,概括阐述了该领域研究的现状和存在的争议。 相似文献
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本研究旨在探讨辱虐管理与员工工作投入的关系以及敌意归因偏差在两者之间的调节作用.通过对353名员工的有效数据进行分析,结果表明:在控制了性别、 年龄、 受教育程度和工作年限后,(1)辱虐管理对员工工作投入有显著的负向预测作用;(2)敌意归因偏差显著调节辱虐管理对工作投入的负向预测作用,具体而言,个体的敌意归因偏差水平越... 相似文献
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行为金融学研究的崛起与新发展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
行为金融理论充分考虑了市场参与者的心理因素对市场的作用,以心理学的研究成果为依据．以现实中人们的决策心理为出发点,讨论了投资者的投资决策对市场的影响．本文回顾了行为金融学的发展历程,并介绍了2002年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者、心理学家卡恩曼提出的预期理论,同时阐述了行为金融学家们指出的投资者中常见的几种认知偏差。 相似文献
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Recent research shows that in reasoning tasks, subjects usually produce an initial intuitive answer, accompanied by a metacognitive experience, which has been called feeling of rightness. This paper is aimed at exploring the complimentary experience of feeling of error (FOE), that is, the spontaneous, subtle sensation of cognitive uneasiness arising from conflict detection during thinking. We investigate FOE in two studies with the “bat-and-ball” (B&B) reasoning task, in its standard and isomorphic control versions. Study 1 is a generation study, in which participants are asked to generate their own response. Study 2 is an evaluation study, in which participants are asked to choose between two conflicting answers (normative vs. intuitive). In each study, the FOE is measured by the FOE questionnaire. Results show that the FOE is significantly present in the standard B&B task when participants give a wrong answer, that our questionnaire can measure it, and furthermore, that it is diagnostic of genuine error. 相似文献
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研究一调查了解我国工作差错概念以及对待差错的基本态度与行为。研究二通过问卷调查,分析差错取向因素结构及其影响因素,结果发现,差错是一种目标导向的行为;差错取向由差错处理、差错掩盖、差错压力和差错预防四个因素组成,并且管理层次和文化程度对差错取向有较大的影响。 相似文献
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JoNell Strough Leo Schlosnagle Tara Karns Philip Lemaster Nipat Pichayayothin 《决策行为杂志》2014,27(1):78-94
In three studies, we examined the influence of restricted and expansive temporal horizons on the sunk‐cost fallacy. The sunk‐cost fallacy occurs when prior investments instead of future returns influence decisions about future investments. When making decisions about future investments, rational decision makers base decisions on future consequences, not already‐invested costs that are “sunk” and cannot be recovered. In Study 1, we restricted young adult college students' temporal horizons by instructing them to imagine that they did not have much longer to live; this manipulation decreased the sunk‐cost fallacy. In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 and also found that the consequences of manipulating temporal horizons were most pronounced for prior investments of time and that prior investments of time and money had different implications for the sunk‐cost fallacy, depending on the social or nonsocial decision domain. In Study 3, we manipulated temporal horizons by instructing students to imagine their time as a college student was coming to an end. Results were mostly similar to Study 2 but also suggested that focusing on one's mortality may have unique consequences. Implications of the three studies for understanding age differences in sunk‐cost decisions, interventions to improve sunk‐cost decisions, and the situations in which interventions might be most needed are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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对99名大学生进行一个学期的追踪调查,探讨不同认知偏好对他们状态性情感反应的影响以及这种影响从长期看是利是弊的问题。结果发现：1）与其他组被试相比,积极认知偏好组产生了更少消极情感反应和更高情感反应积极性;2）认知偏好对个体情感反应的不同影响是暂时的,从长期看,既没有累积成稳定的情感健康差异也没有产生情感代价。最后对认知偏好的适应性进行了讨论。 相似文献
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Keith E. Stanovich 《Thinking & reasoning》2013,19(4):423-444
ABSTRACTHumans are cognitive misers because their basic tendency is to default to processing mechanisms of low computational expense. Such a tendency leads to suboptimal outcomes in certain types of hostile environments. The theoretical inferences made from correct and incorrect responding on heuristics and biases tasks have been overly simplified, however. The framework developed here traces the complexities inherent in these tasks by identifying five processing states that are possible in most heuristics and biases tasks. The framework also identifies three possible processing defects: inadequately learned mindware; failure to detect the necessity of overriding the miserly response; and failure to sustain the override process once initiated. An important insight gained from using the framework is that degree of mindware instantiation is strongly related to the probability of successful detection and override. Thus, errors on such tasks cannot be unambiguously attributed to miserly processing – and correct responses are not necessarily the result of computationally expensive cognition. 相似文献
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Linguistically similar neighbouring nations that differ in size are often asymmetrical in their attitudinal relations towards each other: Citizens of smaller nations tend to see larger nations as less likeable and less similar than vice versa. We hypothesized that the smaller nations' reaction is the consequence of a threatened identity due to its relative size combined with too much similarity on a vital part of its identity, namely language. To test this hypothesis, 832 high‐school students from six different ethnic/national entities (France, Germany, Austria, the French‐ and German‐speaking parts of Switzerland, the French‐ and Dutch‐speaking parts of Belgium, and The Netherlands) completed a questionnaire on liking and similarity ratings. The results—to a large extent—showed that differences in size, in combination with linguistic similarity with another nation, pose a threat to the identity of the smaller nation or ethnic group. Differences in size, in combination with linguistic similarity, were associated with asymmetries in mutual liking on one hand and asymmetrical perceptions of similarity to the other country on the other hand. The conclusions of this study are consistent with findings of earlier research and stress the importance of language for a nation's identity. Moreover, the findings support social identity theory as a useful theory for understanding intergroup and international relations. 相似文献
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生活充满抉择,由于知识经验的局限,人们常需寻求他人建议,抑或直接请他人代己决策.诸多研究探讨了自我决策、向他人建议,以及代他人决策之间的差异.探究这种差异的动因之一在于考察何种条件下的决策更优或更“理性”.以往研究表明,自我决策或他人决策(向他人建议或代他人决策)均有可能更易违背理性决策原则,隐含着他人决策优于自我决策的“当局者迷,旁观者清”这一传统智慧有一定的边界条件.研究者一般从认知(建构水平理论)、情绪(类型和卷入度),以及动机(调节聚焦理论)三种视角对自我-他人决策差异进行解释.本文作者提出基于理由的决策(reason-based account)假设来解释自我-他人决策在理性程度上的差异.未来研究可从决策过程及脑机制上深入考察自我-他人决策差异及其机制. 相似文献
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Julian S. Caza Cristina M. Atance Daniel M. Bernstein 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2016,34(3):313-324
We examined 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds' understanding of general knowledge (e.g., knowing that clocks tell time) by investigating whether (1) they recognize that their own general knowledge has changed over time (i.e., they knew less as babies than they know now), and (2) such intraindividual knowledge differences are easier/harder to understand than interindividual differences (i.e., Do preschoolers understand that a baby knows less than they do?). Forty‐eight 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds answered questions about their current general knowledge (‘self‐now’), the general knowledge of a 6‐month‐old (‘baby‐now’), and their own general knowledge at 6 months (‘self‐past’). All age groups were significantly above chance on the self‐now questions, but only 5‐year‐olds were significantly above chance on the self‐past and baby‐now questions. Moreover, children's performance on the baby‐now and self‐past questions did not differ. Our findings suggest that younger preschoolers do not fully appreciate that their past knowledge differs from their current knowledge, and that others may have less knowledge than they do. We situate these findings within the research on knowledge understanding, more specifically, and cognitive development, more broadly. 相似文献
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Anneli Jefferson 《Philosophical Psychology》2017,30(8):1159-1175
When individuals display cognitive biases, they are prone to developing systematically false beliefs. Evolutionary psychologists have argued that rather than being a flaw in human cognition, biases may actually be design features. In my paper, I assess the claim that unrealistic optimism is such a design feature because it is a form of error management. Proponents of this theory say that when individuals make decisions under uncertainty, it can be advantageous to err on the side of overconfidence if the potential gains through success are high and the costs of failure are low. I argue that there are a number of conceptual problems in matching the theory with the existing data. I also show that there is empirical evidence against the error management hypothesis. 相似文献