情绪智力的研究现状及其展望

有关情绪智力的研究受到人们广泛地关注。对情绪智力的理论来源、定义以及它的主要理论模型和主要应用领域的研究进行探讨,并比较分析了其中的能力模型和混合模型差异性,并提出了一些展望。     

巴昂的情绪智力模型及情商量表简介

巴昂(Reuven Bar-On)是以色列著名的心理学家,是设在丹麦的国际应用情绪智力研究所主席,也是美国伊利诺斯大学的促进社会与情绪学习协会和美国鲁特加斯大学情绪智力研究联合会的合作者。作为国际上较早研究情绪智力的专家,自1980年以来他一直致力于有关情绪智力的界定、测量和应用的研究,取得了丰硕的成果。1985年,他首创了情商(emotional quotient,简称EQ)这个术语。     

员工负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响

情绪劳动指的是员工在工作中按照组织的要求来调节自己的情绪感受和表达, 是服务行业普遍关注的问题。本研究基于自我调节理论(Self-Regulation Theory), 探讨了员工个体内负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响效应, 以及个体间水平上员工工作年限和情绪智力对该效应的跨层次调节作用。通过分析收集自210名呼叫中心员工14个工作日的追踪数据, 本研究发现员工每天的负性情绪显著抑制了深层动作; 工作年限和情绪智力显著调节了个体内负性情绪对情绪劳动策略的影响效应。数据分析结果支持了情绪劳动的研究中自我调节理论的作用, 本研究也据此讨论了理论意义和实践应用价值。     

情绪智力的负面效应及机制

情绪智力是知觉、使用、理解与管理情绪的一组能力。既有研究常将情绪智力与其亲社会性联系起来, 却忽视了它可能存在的负面效应。工作场所中情绪智力的负面效应体现为对内有损身心健康和工作绩效, 对外导致情绪操控和消极行为, 其内在机制可结合自我损耗效应与情绪智力策略模型进行探讨。未来研究应进一步探讨情绪智力负面效应的内在心理机制和特定情境机制, 以及开展群体层次的情绪智力负面效应研究。     

情绪智力理论结构的实证研究

本文对Ｓａｌｏｖｅｙ和Ｍａｙｅｒ提出的情绪智力理论结构进行了因子分析研究,证明了该结构基本变量个体反应的合理性,但对其因子分类提出了不同的理论分析和分类解释;对Ｇｏｌｅｍａｎ的情绪智力结构进行了比较研究;为编制“情绪智力量表”作了必要的理论准备。     

情绪智力研究的现状及发展趋势

自从 1990年心理学家梅耶和萨拉维 (Mayer&Salovey)首次提出“情绪智力”的概念后 ,情绪智力的研究受到广泛重视 ,其重点是情绪智力理论模型和量表的开发研究。至今已有 7本情绪智力专著出版 ,情绪智力量表已有近十个版本。本文简要介绍目前占主导地位的情绪智力模型以及基于这些模型所开发的情绪智力量表。1　“情绪智力”模型1.1　梅耶和萨拉维 (Mayer&Salovey) 1990模型1990年梅耶和萨拉维首次提出“情绪智力”的概念 ,指出情绪智力应包括区分和调节自己与他人的情绪 ,以及运用情绪信息引导思维的能力。其中区分自己与他人的情绪包括两…     

对情绪智力概念的探讨

人们对情绪智力研究的兴趣渐起．但围绕情绪智力的基本概念仍存在着一些值得探讨的问题。本文对情绪智力的术语本身、概念内涵和外延以及与非智力因素、社会智力的关系进行了探讨．以冀更好地确立其在心理学中的科学地位,促进这方面理论与实践的研究。     

情绪智力结构的实证研究

通过编制问卷和对初中生情绪智力的调查,对我们先前提出的情绪智力概念以及发展性情绪智力的结构进行实证研究.结果表明,我们得到了一个模型拟合较好的情绪智力结构,达到了构想水平,验证了我们先前提出的关于情绪智力结构的理论构想.同时获得初中生情绪智力的特点的调查信息.     

情绪智力:多维度构思背后的信息

情绪智力作为影响个人发展与领导能力的关键变量已经得到许多关注。虽然许多研究都认为情绪智力更适合从一个多维度变量角度来探讨,但更多研究主要关注情绪智力的整体效应和差异,比较少从情绪智力的单一维度方面来进行研究。本研究以公务员群体来进行分析,运用多元方差分析和结构方程技术来分析人口统计特征对情绪智力多维度构思的影响,并特别关注情绪智力及各维度对个体绩效的影响。最后根据研究结果对与情绪智力相关的理论研究和管理实践提供一些建议。     

两种情绪智力理论结构的理论导向功能

以655名被试为样本,对梅耶-沙洛维-库索情绪智力测验(MSCEIT V2.0)进行探索性因素分析,提取其测量的实证理论结构并与Mayer等人1997年情绪智力理论结构进行比较,揭示两种理论结构的导向功能.研究结果表明:MSCEIT V2.0中存在一个与1997年情绪智力理论结构迥异的实证理论结构,此理论结构不仅同类研究结果相对稳定,而且在结构严谨性、层次合理性、实证科学性和变量有效性等方面均优于1997年情绪智力理论结构,对情绪智力理论今后的发展具有明显的理论导向功能.     

Concurrent and incremental validity of three trait emotional intelligence measures

This study explored concurrent and incremental validity of three trait emotional intelligence measures: the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, Multidimensional Emotional Intelligence Assessment, and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. A total of 307 participants were drawn predominantly from community and student populations. Concurrent criterion validity of the measures varied depending on whether emotional intelligence (EI) was assessed as a lower, middle or higher level construct, with validity coefficients being larger for the former. In all cases, the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire was the superior predictor of multiple psychological criteria. At the higher level of assessment, incremental validity beyond (a) age, gender and the Big Five, and (b) the remaining two EI measures, was also superior.     

Loneliness and emotional intelligence

The possible associations of loneliness with Emotional Intelligence (EI), 2 of its correlates (life satisfaction and a sense of meaning), and several background variables were tested on a sample of 134 young adults attending college in northern Israel. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis provided support for the model, suggesting that the presence of meaning, EI, and size and availability of an individual's social network are the strongest correlates of loneliness. EI therefore emerges as a potentially important factor in our understanding of loneliness, and the model provides a framework for future studies. The results are discussed vis-à-vis existing findings in the literature and possible directions for approaching loneliness as a theoretical concept and a social phenomenon.     

The emotionally intelligent ministry: why it matters

Pizarro and Salovey hypothesise that religious systems are frequently “inherently emotionally intelligent” and that religious leaders may be experts in emotional regulation due to the inherent demands of their role. Despite such assertions, to date there appears to be little exploration of Emotional Intelligence (EI) amongst religious populations. Thus, suggesting that statements such as this may be based on supposition, speculation and stereotypes rather than grounded in sound empirical evidence. In an attempt to explore EI amongst religious systems, this study examined levels of EI amongst 226 Irish clergy. Participants completed the EI Scale. Results revealed that clergy levels of EI were lower than expected and below other diverse populations previously assessed using the same instrument. The emergence of such knowledge regarding clergy EI begins to suggest that religious systems may indeed not be conclaves of emotional abilities as previously assumed. Given the relevance and the potential value of employing EI abilities within the ministry, this result is both surprising and disconcerting.     

Factors influencing work readiness of graduates: An exploratory study

This study aimed to determine the factors that influenced the work readiness of graduate and post-graduate social sciences students. An ex post facto design study was undertaken with 183 participant students from Makerere University, Uganda (n=73) and the University of Venda, South Africa (n=110) (females=58%; age range 20–40 years). They completed the Genos Emotional Intelligence (EI) Inventory, a Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24), an Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ) as well as a Work Readiness Scale (WRS). Regression analyses were conducted to predict work readiness, with emotional intelligence (EI), psychological capital (PsyCap) and sense of coherence (SOC). Results revealed EI and PsyCap to strongly predict work readiness.     

Attenuated Access to Emotions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posits that OCD is associated with attenuated access to internal states. Here we explored the implications of this model in the realm of emotions. Participants with OCD, anxiety disorders, and nonclinical control participants completed the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), assessing two domains of emotional intelligence: Experiential emotional intelligence (EI), reflecting the ability to perceive and feel emotions accurately, and Strategic EI, reflecting the ability to understand and manage emotions correctly. As only Experiential EI requires accurate perception of one’s emotions for adequate performance, we predicted an interaction between group and EI area. Specifically, we predicted that compared to both anxiety disorders and healthy control participants, OCD participants would show a larger deficit in Experiential area of the MSCEIT relative to the Strategic area. Results were fully in line with this prediction. Moreover, supporting the specificity of the hypothesized deficit to OCD, participants with anxiety disorders did not differ from nonclinical control participants in their performance, and findings were not attributable to anxiety or depression levels. These results replicate and extend previous findings obtained with analogue samples and suggest that OCD is associated with attenuated access to emotional states, which may be partially compensated for by reliance on semantic knowledge of emotion.     

综合智力:对智力概念的整合

对于智力的概念和效果长期以来存在争议和怀疑。研究表明传统的智力概念不良很好解释个体的成就。     

The location of the Trait Emotional Intelligence in the Zuckerman's Personality Model space and the role of General Intelligence and social status

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between Emotional Intelligence (EI) measured by the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) and personality measured by the Zuckerman‐Kuhlman‐Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA‐PQ) with the purpose of analyzing similarities and differences of both psychological constructs. Additionally, we studied the relationship among EI, personality, General Intelligence (GI) and a social position index (SPI). Results showed that the ZKA‐PQ predicts the 66% (facets) and the 64% (factors) of the TEIQue. High scores in EI correlated negatively with Neuroticism (r: –0.66) and Aggressiveness (r: –0.27); and positively with Extraversion (r: 0.62). Oblique factorial analyses demonstrated that TEIQue scales were located basically in the Neuroticism and Extraversion factors. The SPI and GI no loaded in any factor. These findings showed that EI is a not a distinct construct of personality and it cannot be isolated in the ZKA‐PQ personality space. GI is related with the SPI (r: 0.26), and EI correlated with GI (r: 0.18) and SPI (r: 0.16). Nevertheless, we found differences between GI high groups and the TEIQue and ZKA‐PQ factors when controlling age and sex. These findings are discussed in the individual differences context.     

Assessing Workplace Emotional Intelligence: Development and Validation of an Ability-based Measure

Existing measures of Emotional Intelligence (EI), defined as the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions for productive purposes, have displayed limitations in predicting workplace outcomes, likely in part because they do not target this context. Such considerations led to the development of an ability EI measure with work-related scenarios in which respondents infer the likely emotions (perception) and combinations of emotion (understanding) that would occur to protagonists while rating the effectiveness of ways of responding (management). Study 1 (n = 290 undergraduates) used item-total correlations to select scenarios from a larger pool and Study 2 (n = 578) reduced the measure—termed the NEAT—to 30 scenarios on the basis of structural equation modeling. Study 3 (n = 96) then showed that the NEAT had expected correlations with personality and cognitive ability and Study 4 (n = 85) demonstrated convergent validity with other ability EI measures. Last, study 5 (n = 91) established that the NEAT had predictive validity with respect to job satisfaction, job stress, and job performance. The findings affirm the importance of EI in the workplace in the context of a valid new instrument for assessing relevant skills.     

2001 DIVISION 27 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: Emotional Intelligence and the Good Community

Suggests various ways in which the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) can inform community research and action. Begins by defining EI and reviewing the growing body of research on its contribution to educational, health, and occupational outcomes. Next distinguishes between EI and the related concept of emotional and social competence. Then considers the connection between EI and several topics of interest to community action researchers including prevention and wellness promotion, implementation and dissemination of innovative programs, community development, and the value of diversity. Concludes by suggesting that the ecological perspective can help inform research and practice relating to EI.     

An Examination of a New Psychometric Method for Optimizing Multi‐Faceted Assessment Instruments in the Context of Trait Emotional Intelligence

Driven by the challenge of representing and measuring psychological attributes, this article outlines a psychometric method aimed at identifying problem facets. The method, which integrates theoretical and empirical steps, is applied in the context of the construct of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), using data from six different samples (N = 1284) collected across Europe. Alternative representations of the trait EI variance, derived from the outcome variables used in previous validation studies of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, were regressed on the 15 trait EI facets using the stepwise method. The analyses revealed five facets, which did not occupy unique construct variance in any of the six samples. As expected, a composite of the remaining 10 facets consistently showed greater construct validity than the original 15‐facet composite. Implications for construct and scale development are discussed, and directions for further validation of the method and for its application to other constructs are provided. © 2014 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology.