探究高等教育护理专业关怀教育路径

关怀教育与护理教育的结合已成为培养护理学生关怀意识和能力的一种趋势.运用诺丁斯关怀教育理论和护理关怀教育特点,构建以培养学生关怀能力为目标,设置显性和隐性关怀课程为教育内容,使用满足学生关怀个性、关怀体验、与教师关怀关系的需要的关怀教育方法,建立自我评价、欣赏评价、他人评价的关怀教育体系.     

女性主义关怀伦理学视角下的代孕探析

近年来代孕现象频频发生,由此代孕引发的纠纷越来越多.女性主义关怀伦理学是近年来刚刚兴起的新思潮,从女性主义关怀伦理学这一独特的视角对代孕问题进行探析,强调同情、关怀的价值,注重从情境、情感和经验分析,并从包容角度去看待代孕现象.从女性主义关怀伦理学的角度对代孕现象引发的伦理问题进行探析,并在此基础上提出合理的代孕伦理规约,旨在合理利用代孕手段,使其能真正为不孕不育者带来生育的希望,避免出现伦理道德和社会的混乱.     

重视脆弱性的老龄关怀

伦理学关注如何过一种好的生活,自然包括如何过一种好的老年生活。西方主流伦理学缺乏讨论该问题的资源,因为它们预设了理性、自足的道德主体,忽视了人的脆弱性。关怀伦理学对人的脆弱性有清醒的认识,关怀涉及人类不可避免的依赖性和脆弱性,它是一种以满足他人的基本需求、促进他人的发展、帮助他们避免伤害和减少痛苦为目标的实践。从关怀伦理的视角出发,可以借鉴能力理论的方法,探讨维护人类尊严的老龄关怀方案。重视脆弱性的老龄关怀,向个人、家庭、社会和国家分别提出了不同的伦理要求,强调通过有利的社会条件来支持具体层面的关怀活动的展开。这带来了一种老龄文明的转型,它不再将老龄化视为人口结构的负面事实,而是将其作为社会文明形态的建构因素来思考一个和谐正义的社会能够为老龄化提供何种支持条件,它从老年人的需求和能力出发重构了什么是好生活的完整答案。     

基于他者伦理的关怀

自1982年美国哈佛大学吉利根教授提出关怀伦理以来,关怀伦理受到越来越多的关注和支持。新崛起的关怀伦理提倡以关系为基础,反对以原则为基础。以原则为基础的伦理学认为道德判断要基于普遍的原则并以一种无偏见的方式应用于每一个人,这其实是把人抽象化,忽略了处于具体情境中     

医学人文教育的关怀哲学基点探究

医学人文教育固然以提倡患者的自主存在性突破了医学技术主义形态,但若对患者自主地位的过度强调则会使其陷入二律背反的困境,于此之上的关怀哲学探究则把患者视为处于具体情境中的特殊他人,如此便能建立并维持医学人文情境中的医患和谐。透过耕犁"以患者自主为核心的医学教育限度"、"以关怀为始点的医学哲学诠解"与"关怀哲学在医学人文中的教育张力"三重意涵来突显关怀哲学在医学人文教育中的本位复归,期使医学教育能够透过关怀哲学的融汇从而在医疗临床过程中达成其效力显现的人文基点。     

尊严平等与关怀:女性主义生命伦理学

女性主义生命伦理学试图从根本上颠覆男尊女卑的传统伦理观念,倡导从制度层面确保女性独立的社会地位,捍卫女性权利与尊严.女性主义生命伦理学还以其特有的关怀主义特征,呼吁性别平等,强调人文关怀,注重社会公平,成为构建和谐社会的重要理论思潮.     

构建人类卫生健康共同体的“关怀”伦理路径

在新冠疫情面前,伦理学的重要意义是锻造或阐释自身的概念,以便让人类社会透过冷酷病毒对于生命的摧毁认识到生命的平等价值、尊严和权利。疫情给人类一个反思生命和伦理的历史机遇,女性主义关怀伦理和儒家伦理中的“关怀”可以为“构建人类卫生健康共同体”开启一条伦理路径。源于女性关怀体验的关怀伦理是道德情感主义传统的当代延续,这一传统在当代道德生活中愈发具有影响力,它相信道德起源和基础在于人类的道德感和同情心。与关怀伦理相似,儒家伦理也强调“仁爱”是上天赋予人的固有的能力,每个人都有爱他人、爱天地万物的情感,并且主张通过“和”来实现“共生”的目标。关怀伦理和儒家伦理的生命关怀共通性可以证明：人类社会具有一种普遍的道德或者人性,这便是出于道德情感的对于他人的关怀。面对全球性公共卫生危机,当理性计算冰冷地把人类社会隔离开来之时,关怀能以自身的伦理路径温暖世界。     

医学人文教育的关怀哲学基点探究

医学人文教育固然以提倡患者的自主存在性突破了医学技术主义形态,但若对患者自主地位的过度强调则会使其陷入二律背反的困境,于此之上的关怀哲学探究则把患者视为处于具体情境中的特殊他人,如此便能建立并维持医学人文情境中的医患和谐.透过耕犁“以患者自主为核心的医学教育限度”、“以关怀为始点的医学哲学诠解”与“关怀哲学在医学人文中的教育张力”三重意涵来突显关怀哲学在医学人文教育中的本位复归,期使医学教育能够透过关怀哲学的融汇从而在医疗临床过程中达成其效力显现的人文基点.     

尊严平等与关怀：女性主义生命伦理学

女性主义生命伦理学试图从根本上颠覆男尊女卑的传统伦理观念，倡导从制度层面确保女性独立的社会地位，捍卫女性权利与尊严。女性主义生命伦理学还以其特有的关怀主义特征，呼吁性别平等，强调人文关怀，注重社会公平，成为构建和谐社会的重要理论思潮。     

道德教育视角下的儒家伦理与关怀伦理之比较

传统儒家伦理与当代关怀伦理学所倡导的道德教育,在哲学根基上都主张道德发源于情感,道德关系扎根于情境;在教育路径上提倡家庭养育道德品性,实施因材施教.但二者在根本立场与终极目标上却大相径庭,前者以维护社会等级秩序为己任,后者则追求人格的自由与平等.     

Caring: from philosophical concerns to practice

I read Hilde L. Nelson's article with great interest. To be "against caring" is tantamount to being against apple pie and motherhood. Caring as philosophy, theory, behavior, and ontology is pervasive in the literature of almost all socially interactive professions. Nelson's article raises common concerns about caring....My difficulties with Nelson's argument against caring center around three issues: misunderstanding of caring in nursing practice, discomfort with ambiguity, and heroism as a replacement for the ethics of care....     

Caring: A Pluralist Account

In this paper, I argue that care ethics should be understood as a form of value pluralism. Writers on the ethics of care tend not explicitly to address issues in the theory of value, although much of what has been written about care ethics may be taken to suggest that it endorses some form of value monism. I argue against this conception of care ethics by showing that the practical reality of caregiving is more accurately represented by a pluralist account of value. Practices of care are plausibly guided by a number of distinct and potentially conflicting values. These include quality of life, autonomy, dignity, personal development, and the value of nurturant relationships. Whilst caring takes each of these values to be important in its own right, they are not always jointly realisable, and carers are sometimes forced to promote one such value at the expense of another. The possibility of conflict between values is, of course, precisely what a pluralist conception of value tells us to expect. In this respect, then, value pluralism more faithfully reflects the reality of caregiving than does value monism, and care ethicists ought for this reason to endorse it.     

Caring,Gender Role Orientation,and Volunteering

The current studies were conducted to examine two questions regarding the development of an ethic of care versus an ethic of justice, where the former is associated with being female and the latter is associated with being male. First, does gender role orientation in adolescence predict the ethical orientation one adopts better than gender itself does? Second, does adolescents' ethical orientation predict their volunteering behavior? To answer these questions, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, adolescents completed Bem's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Jensen's World View Questionnaire (WVQ) which assesses ethical orientation. Girls and individuals high in femininity were higher on the ethic of care than were boys and individuals high in masculinity. In addition, individuals with a feminine gender orientation received higher care scores than individuals with an androgynous orientation. Regression analyses indicated that gender orientation accounted for more of the variance in the ethic of care than did gender. In Study 2, older adolescents completed Jensen's WVQ and were subsequently asked to volunteer in one of two settings: a personal setting or an impersonal setting. Individuals high in the ethic of care were more likely to volunteer and volunteered for more hours, but volunteered equally often in the two types of settings. Individuals who “apologized” for being unable to volunteer were higher on caring. The results are discussed in the context of Gilligan's theory of socialization to morality.

     

Relation,Virtue, and Relational Virtue: Three Concepts of Caring

This essay breaks new ground in defending the view that contemporary care‐based ethics and early Confucian ethics share some important common ground. Luo also introduces the notion of relational virtue in an attempt to bridge a conceptual gap between relational caring ethics and agent‐based virtue ethics, and to make the connections between the ethics of care and Confucian ethics philosophically clearer and more defensible.     

Caring,Social Policy,and Homelessness

Care theory offers a way to overcome a weaknessof liberalism – its reluctance to intervene inthe private lives of adults. In caring for thehomeless, we must sometimes use a limited formof coercion, but our intervention is alwaysinteractive, and the process of finding asolution is one of negotiation between theneeds expressed by the homeless and the needswe infer for them.     

"顺天应人"的生态自然观与中国古典建筑

“顺天应人”是中国古代生态自然观的主要内容,一方面指人应该顺应自然规律,另一方面指人应该发挥主观能动性,改造自然环境,使之适应人的生存和生活。“顺天应人”的生态自然观对中国古典建筑观念产生了重要的影响,主要体现在“虽由人作、宛自天开”的建筑观和“因地制宜、因势利导”的建筑观方面。无论是顺天还是应人,目的都是使人与自然和谐共处、相得益彰,这对于现代生态伦理学和现代生态建筑学都是具有启发意义的。     

Transnational daughters in Australia: Caring remotely for ageing parents during COVID 19

Migration does not diminish the concern migrants have for their kin. Consequently, remote caring is becoming a growing social phenomenon amongst migrants. This paper combines and contextualises three voices of transnational women of Indian heritage from diverse postcolonial nations. In 2020, long-distance care for aging parents during the global pandemic was extremely challenging. As ‘daughters away from home’ residing in Melbourne (Australia), we share our story of managing care, emotional stresses, and honouring family values during the pandemic. Our triadic collage of autoethnographical recounts focuses on worry, grief, and loss, interwoven with an emotionally reflexive lens. Drawing on our discipline areas of music, visual art, and literature we hope our microhistories like innumerable other voices globally are heard, and not subsumed in the mega narrative of the pandemic's impact. Our paper contributes to an under-researched area of remote caring for aging parents during this time.     

Rethinking Care Theory: The Practice of Caring and the Obligation to Care

Care theorists have made significant gains over the past twenty‐five years in establishing caring as a viable moral and political concept. Nonetheless, the concept of caring remains underdeveloped as a basis for a moral and political philosophy, and there is no fully developed account of our moral obligation to care. This article advances thinking about caring by developing a definition of caring and a theory of obligation to care sufficient to ground a general moral and political philosophy.     

Caring,final ends and sports

In this essay I argue that sports at their best qualify as final ends, that is, as ends whose value is such that they ground not only the practices whose ends they are, but everything else we do as human agents. The argument I provide to support my thesis is derived from Harry Frankfurt's provocative work on the importance of the things we care about, more specifically, on his claim that it is by virtue of caring about things and practices, really caring about them – even loving them – we are able to regard and treat them as final ends. Sports, I claim, are paradigmatic examples of practices cared about and loved in these deep ways, and as such deserve to be considered, rather than dismissed because of their supposed triviality, as one of those ends around which a life most worth living can be legitimately forged.     

论疾病诊治中的顾此失彼

"顾此失彼"指在疾病的诊治中发现、意识或处理了事物的一个方面或一个事物,而遗漏、忽视了事物的另一个方面或另一个事物。首先,表现在没有全面地收集和分析相关的临床资料。其次,表现为疾病诊断的不全面。再次,表现为疾病治疗的总体安排、治疗方案或药学监护等方面的顾此失彼。与疾病诊断和治疗有关的"彼"是必须被发现和意识的。但在处理时,则根据"彼"与诊断或治疗关系的程度分别对待。为减少或减轻疾病诊治中"顾此失彼"的不良后果,需要采取一系列相应对策,如实施毕业后规范化培养、学习诊治指南和临床路径、重视疾病诊治的程序、提高临床技能、积累临床经验、丰富相关知识、培养临床思维、提高职业素养等。