尊严平等与关怀:女性主义生命伦理学

女性主义生命伦理学试图从根本上颠覆男尊女卑的传统伦理观念,倡导从制度层面确保女性独立的社会地位,捍卫女性权利与尊严.女性主义生命伦理学还以其特有的关怀主义特征,呼吁性别平等,强调人文关怀,注重社会公平,成为构建和谐社会的重要理论思潮.     

尊严平等与关怀：女性主义生命伦理学

女性主义生命伦理学试图从根本上颠覆男尊女卑的传统伦理观念,倡导从制度层面确保女性独立的社会地位,捍卫女性权利与尊严。女性主义生命伦理学还以其特有的关怀主义特征,呼吁性别平等,强调人文关怀,注重社会公平,成为构建和谐社会的重要理论思潮。     

终身教育理念的拥有与人文关怀的亟需——孔子及儒家教育思想的现代价值论

孔子及儒家教育思想博大精深 ,它深刻揭示了教育科学中的普适性、超时代性的一般规律 ,与现代终身教育理论具有相通相融的科学理念。但由于缺乏对普通民众的真挚的人文关怀情感和现代社会的自由民主平等理念 ,孔子及儒家的教育思想在现代教育发展面前遇到了困境。然而 ,由于终身教育理论和实践在现代社会发展中仍存在缺陷 ,这就给孔子及儒家教育思想在现代社会和现代教育中发挥作用带来了契机与可能     

西方女性主义伦理学研究综述

女性主义伦理学伴随着西方女权运动的深化,产生于最近三十年,其主要标志是卡罗尔·吉利根教授的《不同的声音——心理学理论与妇女发展》的出版.此后,女性主义伦理学渗透到社会的各个领域,如政治伦理、生态伦理、生命伦理、性伦理等领域,形成不同的交叉学科.作为女性主义伦理学的主要组成部分的关怀伦理学,一直备受女性主义伦理学家的关注.关于关怀伦理学,学术界比较有争议的几个问题有:性别与道德的关系、关怀与正义的关系、关怀伦理学的理论归属等.女性主义伦理学的出现为女性解放运动提供了理论上的支撑,同时,也为伦理学的研究提供了一种新的研究方法——性别分析法.但是,女性主义伦理学作为一种新兴学科,其在理论上和实践上仍然具有一定的局限性.     

案例教学与医学伦理学教育

案例教学已经成为普遍的方法在我国各医学院校的医学伦理学教学中广泛使用,案例教学作为一种方法,如何客观地看待它,需结合医学伦理学教育的目的和内容。案例教学具有增加互动、加深理解和提高分析能力等优点,但如果驾驭不好,也会暴露一些弱点,而起到反作用。试图还案例教学法于医学伦理学教育的本来位置。     

经济人思想:经济伦理学的理论基石

作为是古典经济学宝贵遗产中最重要部分的"经济人"思想,在经历了不断的被批评和被修正以后得到了进一步完善."经济人"思想之所以成为经济伦理学的理论基石,在于它实事求地回答了市场体制之下驱动人的行为的动机和经济活动为什么应遵循一定的伦理规则这一根本性问题.因此,经济伦理学的理论建构必须以"经济人"思想为立论的前提和基础.     

探究高等教育护理专业关怀教育路径

关怀教育与护理教育的结合已成为培养护理学生关怀意识和能力的一种趋势.运用诺丁斯关怀教育理论和护理关怀教育特点,构建以培养学生关怀能力为目标,设置显性和隐性关怀课程为教育内容,使用满足学生关怀个性、关怀体验、与教师关怀关系的需要的关怀教育方法,建立自我评价、欣赏评价、他人评价的关怀教育体系.     

医学伦理学和生命伦理学的学科使命之辨

从古典医德学发展到生命伦理学,催生医学伦理学和生命伦理学两门学科。欧美对于医学伦理学本质解读的经典路径和中国医学伦理学的阐释方式,不能完全反映医学伦理学的全貌,为此需要以动态有机的方式理解医学伦理学范畴。这种理解表明：医学伦理学的学科使命聚焦医学职业道德,是德性伦理和规范伦理的融合,是质料伦理和形式伦理的统一。生命伦理学本质上是为生命科学的运用提供道德正当性论证,将关怀类生命和人类未来生存作为其学科使命。生命伦理学的跨学科建制及其解决范式依托寻求论证和程序合理性,它是对医学职业道德瓶颈的突围,又反哺\"医学职业道德规范\"的制定和执行。     

关于医学伦理学教育的几点思考

医学伦理学教育中长期存在的一些问题尚未很好解决.由于较多强调课程的道德教育功能,对其作为独立学科存在的性质和意义仍重视不够,医学伦理学是进行道德分析、准则与价值评判的理论体系,通过医学伦理学的学习和训练,应使学生能够对有关问题在广阔的背景中进行深层次思考并做出独立判断.我们应在进一步更新观念的基础上,改进哲学、伦理学基础教育,以促进医学伦理学教育的发展,而其意义已远超出医学伦理学之外.     

Caring,Social Policy,and Homelessness

Care theory offers a way to overcome a weaknessof liberalism – its reluctance to intervene inthe private lives of adults. In caring for thehomeless, we must sometimes use a limited formof coercion, but our intervention is alwaysinteractive, and the process of finding asolution is one of negotiation between theneeds expressed by the homeless and the needswe infer for them.     

Virtue Ethics, Theory, and Warrant

Are there good grounds for thinking that the moral values of action are to be derived from those of character? This ‘virtue ethical’ claim is sometimes thought of as a kind of normative ethical theory; sometimes as form of opposition to any such theory. However, the best case to be made for it supports neither of these claims. Rather, it leads us to a distinctive view in moral epistemology: the view that my warrant for a particular moral judgement derives from my warrant for believing that I am a good moral judge. This view seems to confront a regress-problem. For the belief that I am a good moral judge is itself a particular moral judgement. So it seems that, on this view, I need to derive my warrant for believing that I am a good moral judge from my warrant for believing that I am a good judge of moral judges; and so on. I show how this worry can be met, and trace the implications of the resulting view for warranted moral judgement.     

论凯蒂·埃里克森博爱关怀理论

芬兰护理理论家凯蒂•埃里克森以哲学、医学和神学作为理论基石,于20世纪80年代创建了博爱关怀理论,开启了北欧关怀科学的先河。博爱关怀理论具备完整的本体论、认识论和价值论思想体系,重新定义了人类、健康、关怀等哲学核心概念,从护患关系视角提出了多维健康、苦难和关怀文化等命题,重新解释了护理学四个基本概念。在价值论中对护理伦理和关怀伦理进行了区分与反思,并定义了关怀伦理的基本范畴。埃里克森的博爱关怀理论具有广泛的说服力和普世性,同时也承载着丰富的理论意义。

     

Medical Ethics Research Between Theory and Practice

The main object of criticism of present-day medical ethics is the standard view of the relationship between theory and practice. Medical ethics is more than the application of moral theories and principles, and health care is more than the domain of application of moral theories. Moral theories and principles are necessarily abstract, and therefore fail to take account of the sometimes idiosyncratic reality of clinical work and the actual experiences of practitioners. Suggestions to remedy the illnesses of contemporary medical ethics focus on re-establishing the connection between the internal and external morality of medicine. This article discusses the question how to develop a theoretical perspective on medical ethical issues that connects philosophical reflection with the everyday realities of medical practice. Four steps in a comprehensive approach of medical ethics research are distinguished: (1) examine health care contexts in order to obtain a better understanding of the internal morality of these practices; this requires empirical research; (2) analyze and interpret the external morality governing health care practices; sociological study of prevalent values, norms, and attitudes concerning medical-ethical issues is required; (3) creation of new theoretical perspectives on health care practices; Jensen's theory of healthcare practices will be useful here; (4) develop a new conception of bioethics that illuminates and clarifies the complex interaction between the internal and external morality of health care practices. Hermeneutical ethics can be helpful for integrating the experiences disclosed in the empirical ethical studies, as well as utilizing the insights gained from describing the value-contexts of health care practices. For a critical and normative perspective, hermeneutical ethics has to examine and explain the moral experiences uncovered, in order to understand what they tell us.     

Caring,Gender Role Orientation,and Volunteering

The current studies were conducted to examine two questions regarding the development of an ethic of care versus an ethic of justice, where the former is associated with being female and the latter is associated with being male. First, does gender role orientation in adolescence predict the ethical orientation one adopts better than gender itself does? Second, does adolescents' ethical orientation predict their volunteering behavior? To answer these questions, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, adolescents completed Bem's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Jensen's World View Questionnaire (WVQ) which assesses ethical orientation. Girls and individuals high in femininity were higher on the ethic of care than were boys and individuals high in masculinity. In addition, individuals with a feminine gender orientation received higher care scores than individuals with an androgynous orientation. Regression analyses indicated that gender orientation accounted for more of the variance in the ethic of care than did gender. In Study 2, older adolescents completed Jensen's WVQ and were subsequently asked to volunteer in one of two settings: a personal setting or an impersonal setting. Individuals high in the ethic of care were more likely to volunteer and volunteered for more hours, but volunteered equally often in the two types of settings. Individuals who “apologized” for being unable to volunteer were higher on caring. The results are discussed in the context of Gilligan's theory of socialization to morality.

     

走向深层发展伦理学——贝克风险社会理论的发展伦理学意蕴

对发展伦理学而言,贝克“风险社会理论”的根本方法论意义,在于启发我们思考这样一个问题:“应该用什么方法、在什么层面上建构发展伦理学”?贝克风险社会理论对明确发展伦理学的研究视域、学理层次、研究平台等具有重要方法论启示。     

论传播伦理学的理论建设

传播的基本属性决定了传播的道德属性 ,传播在其过程中深受社会道德的制约 ,因而 ,从理论上探讨传播伦理的性质特点及其与社会道德的关系 ,论述了传播伦理学的内涵、研究对象和任务及学科属性 ,在当今尤显重要。     

进化伦理学及其向西方传统伦理学的挑战

在“进化伦理学”这个名称下,容纳了形形色色的具体构想。但是,各种进化伦理学纲领都以进化论来理解和把握人类道德现象。广义进化伦理学就是道德进化论。它侧重于对道德现象进行描述和说明（解释）,但也试图对已有的道德规范体系进行评价,并在评价的基础上对已有的道德规范进行限定或修正,因而并未完全丧失规范伦理学的性质。进化伦理学对西方传统伦理学的基础、学科性质和若干核心伦理观念提出了尖锐的挑战。     

A Test of Contextual Theory: The Relationship Among Relational Ethics,Marital Satisfaction,Health Problems,and Depression

Few studies have examined the theoretical underpinning of contextual theory. Using structural equation modeling, the relationship among relational ethics (recognized as the most important aspect of contextual theory), marital satisfaction, depression, and illness was examined. Data came from a national sample of 632 mid-life, married individuals. Results supported Nagy’s contextual theory. The total score of the Relational Ethics Scale was a significant predictor of marital satisfaction, and marital satisfaction was significantly associated with depression and health problems. Vertical and horizontal subscales of relational ethics also were significant predictors of depression and health problems through the mediating variable of marital satisfaction.