社会性格和健康社会性格模式的初步研究

１引言 随着改革开放的不断深化及社会主义市场经济的发展,物质文明建设得到了很大的发展。物质财富的积累和对外开放的影响使得当今中国社会生活的各方面发生了深刻变化,同时西方文化的精髓和糟粕也一起涌入中国社会,从而使人们的观念发生了急剧变化。在这种形势下精神文明建设就变为当今社会发展中的首要问题之一,而精神文明建设中的一个很重要的问题就是对人的精神塑造问题,其中就包括了当代中国人健康社会性格的塑造问题。 社会性格（Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ）是指在一定社会结构中的大多数人为了适应社会条件的需要而共…     

Indexicals and Character Shifting

Philosophia - According to Character Shifting Theory, the rules determining indexical reference vary according to the communication technology used. These rules are established by conventions...     

Narrative and Character Formation

I defend the claim that fictional narratives provide cognitive benefits to readers in virtue of helping them to understand character. Fictions allow readers to rehearse the skill of selecting and organizing into narratives those episodes of a life that reflect traits or values. Two further benefits follow: first, fictional narratives provide character models that we can apply to real‐life individuals (including ourselves), and second, fictional narratives help readers to reflect on the value priorities that constitute character. I defend the plausibility of these cognitive benefits against certain worries raised by Gregory Currie and Peter Goldie.     

Trustworthiness and Moral Character

Why are people trustworthy? I argue for two theses. First, we cannot explain many socially important forms of trustworthiness solely in terms of the instrumentally rational seeking of one’s interests, in response to external sanctions or rewards. A richer psychology is required. So, second, possession of moral character is a plausible explanation of some socially important instances when people are trustworthy. I defend this conclusion against the influential account of trust as ‘encapsulated interest’, given by Russell Hardin, on which most trustworthiness is explained by the interest of continuing relationship.     

National Character and Personality

ABSTRACT— People in all cultures have shared perceptions about the personality characteristics of the typical member of their own culture and of typical members of other cultures. Recent collaborative work has provided validated assessments of the personality profiles of over 50 cultures, and judged by these criteria, perceptions of national character are unfounded stereotypes. An appreciation of that fact by the public might improve international relations, so research is needed to understand the origins and persistence of national-character stereotypes. Psychologists have begun to explore the utility of aggregate personality profiles, which reflect subtle but real differences between cultures in mean levels of personality traits.     

Moral Cognitivism and Character

It may seem to follow from Peter Winch's claim in ‘The Universalizability of Moral Judgements’ that a certain class of first‐person moral judgments are not universalizable that such judgments cannot be given a cognitivist interpretation. But Winch's argument does not involve the denial of moral cognitivism and in this paper I show how such judgements may be cognitively determined yet not universalizable. Drawing on an example from James Joyce's The Dead, I suggest that in the kind of situation Winch envisages where we properly return a different moral judgement to another agent it may be that we accept their judgement is right for them because we recognise that it is determined by values that, simply because of the particular people we are, we could never know or understand in just the same way.     

Blameworthy Action and Character

A number of philosophers from Hume on have claimed that it does not make sense to blame people for acting badly unless their bad acts were rooted in their characters. In this paper, I distinguish a stronger and a weaker version of this claim. The claim is false, I argue, if it is taken to mean that agents can only be blamed for bad acts when those acts are manifestations of character paws . However, what is both true and important is the weaker claim that an act is not blameworthy unless it is rooted in some enduring aspect or aspects of the agent's character that may or may not be flaws, and that, if flaws, may or may not be bad in the same way that the act itself is.     

Bible Study and Character

Abstract

Thomas, W. I., &; Thomas, D. S. The Child in America. New York: Knopf, 1928. Pp. xiv+575.

Thomas, D. S. Some New Techniques for Studying Social Behavior. New York: Bur. Pubis., Teach. Coll., 1929. Pp. viii+203.

Healy, W., Bronner, A. F., Baylor, E. M. H., &; Murphy, J. P. Reconstructing Behavior in Youth. New York: Knopf, 1929. Pp. vii+325.

Calverton, V. F., &; Schmalhausen, S. D. [Editors]. The New Generation. New York: Macaulay, 1930. Pp. 717.

Furfey, P. H. The Growing Boy. New York: Macmillan, 1930. Pp. viii+192.

Hollingworth, L. S. The Psychology of the Adolescent. New York: Appleton, 1928. Pp. xiii+259.

Brooks, F. D. The Psychology of Adolescence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929. Pp. xxiii+652.

Pratt, K. C., Nelson, A. K., &; Sun, K. H. The Behavior of the Newborn Infant. Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press, 1930. Pp. xiii+237.

Bühler, C. The First Year of Life. New York: John Day, 1930. Pp. x+281.

Bühler, C. Kindheit und Jugend. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1930. Pp. xx+308.

Bühler, K. The Mental Development of the Child. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Pp. xi+170.

Curti, M. W. Child Psychology. New York: Longmans, Green, 1930. Pp. ix+527.

Piaget, J. The Child's Conception of Physical Causality. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Pp. viii+309.     

Saving Character

In his recent book Lack of Character, Jon Doris argues that people typically lack character (understood in a particular way). Such a claim, if correct, would have devastating implications for moral philosophy and for various human moral projects (e.g. character development). I seek to defend character against Doris's challenging attack. To accomplish this, I draw on Socrates, Aristotle, and Kant to identify some of the central components of virtuous character. Next, I examine in detail some of the central experiments in social psychology upon which Doris's argument is based. I argue that, properly understood, such experiments reveal differences in the characters of their subjects, not that their subjects lack character altogether. I conclude with some reflections on the significance of such experiments and the importance of character.     

Character strengths and clinical presentation

Abstract

Three models are described that attempt to integrate clinical diagnosis with the strengths-based model introduced by Peterson and Seligman (2004 Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]). The strengths as syndrome model proposes conceptualizing clinical diagnoses in terms of excesses and deficiencies in strengths. The strengths as symptoms model suggests conceptualizing clinical symptoms as excesses or deficiencies in strengths. After reviewing these two models, we introduce a third. The strengths as moderators model suggests that signature or deficient strengths can serve moderators of clinical presentation within traditional diagnostic categories. This differs from the prior models primarily in offering a complement rather than alternative to traditional diagnostic formulation. A clinical case is provided highlighting the differences. The three approaches are not incompatible with each other, and in combination may provide practitioners a variety of perspectives for employing strength-based concepts in clinical interactions.     

品格优势及其影响结果

品格优势是积极心理学中的一个核心概念, 具体指通过认知、情感和行为反映出来的一组积极人格特质, 也是促进个体身心健康与幸福感, 缓解抑郁与压力的良好资源。通过实验干预等方法的研究表明, 品格优势对个体(积极体验、身心健康、员工创造力、工作呼唤)和组织(工作绩效、领导力、组织有效性)均能产生积极的影响。不过, 目前品格优势与积极构念的关系研究较多, 而品格优势要素之间及其与才干优势之间的关系研究很少, 研究方法也较为单一。未来研究应重点关注以上问题。     

Character,Attitude and Disposition

Recent debate over the empirical psychological presuppositions of virtue ethics has focused on reactive behavioural dispositions. But there are many character traits that cannot be understood properly in this way. Such traits are well described by attitude psychology. Moreover, the findings of attitude psychology support virtue ethics in three ways. First, they confirm the role of habituation in the development of character. Further, they show virtue ethics to be compatible with the situation manipulation experiments at the heart of the recent debate. Finally, they show how the cognitive‐affective theory of personality and the two‐system theory of behavioural cognition are compatible, thereby undermining the current empirical challenge to virtue ethics. Empirical research into the nature and development of attitudes should therefore be central to philosophical discussions of virtue and character.     

Soiling and the Anal-Narcissistic Character

The American Journal of Psychoanalysis -