"人本"与"民本"

"人本"与"民本"是两个既有联系又有区别的概念.这两个概念可以说都是中国传统的思想,而又是近现代的表述[1].简言之,"人"相对于神和物而言,"人本"是普遍的哲学或文化的概念;"民"相对于国家和执政者而言,"民本"是政治哲学或政治理念的概念.     

走出"藏象"概念的误区--论"藏"与"象"的辩证关系

1"藏"与"象"的关系反映了"器"与"道"的辨证关系 "器"与"道"这对概念,属于哲学的范畴."器"与"道"的关系问题,是中国古代哲学中根本问题.古代唯物主义哲学家王安石、张载、王夫之等一再强调"器"是第一性的、本源的,而道只是第二性的、派生的.具体点说,"器"是体,"道"为用,"道"在"器"中,故学"器"应该学"道";"器"在先,"道"在后,"道""器"无相离,故变"器"必然变"道".     

再论"五行"与"聖智"

思孟五行与乐有密切的关系.<史记·乐书>不仅保留了思孟五行,而且以汉代五行图式,凸显"聖"德的地位."聖"居中,含容"仁义礼智",君位,宫音,土德,具有包容、为主、统合、生生的意蕴.<荀子>、<中庸>,特别是<孟子>与<孟子字义疏证>中有不少关于"聪明聖智"与"天德之知"的材料.戴震的发挥,深得思孟五行的个中三昧.与"聪明"相联的"聖智"是一种"神明"、"天德",是对"天道"的体悟或神契,是体验、接近超越层的"天德之知".切不可从知识论的视域,特别是主客对待的认识论的角度去理解思孟五行.思孟五行是具有终极信仰的、以天道观为背景的"天人聖智五行观",蕴含着深刻的道德形上学的思想,其枢纽是"聖智".     

"侍奉"与"事奉"

"侍奉"和"事奉"两词,经常出现在<天风>等基督教读物中.国内新近出版的圣经一律用"侍奉",灵修书中"侍奉"和"事奉"通用,而海外教会多用"事奉",究竟用哪个词更正确呢? "侍奉"或"事奉"的词,在圣经及灵修著作的原文中,并无差别,都是同一个词.那么,为什么会有"侍奉"和"事奉"两种不同的写法呢?     

《易传》中"命"对"生"和"性"的统摄

就同一理论维度论,<易传>认为"生"、"性"同源于"命",即在"生"和"性"之间,"命"成为连接二者的契合点,"生"经由"命"转化为"性".<易传>讲"生"是基于阴阳"转易"的,由此出发则使"生生不已"成为"命"的基本内涵,而讲"性"则是基于"命"向万物之"顺承"的."命"的"生生不已"促成了"性"的积极有为,进而引领出一种乐观向上的人生态度.     

"藏象本质"与"白马非马"

针对藏象本质研究的哲学误区,围绕"脏器非藏象"、"藏象纯功能"、"藏象指标"与"白马非马"进行藏象本质研究的哲学反思."脏器非藏象"、"藏象纯功能"类似"白马非马","藏象指标"类似"白色是马".探讨藏象本质研究的正确思维方法和技术方案,推动藏象本质研究的进一步深入发展.     

"妙悟"与情感——浅议严羽之"妙悟"

严羽的"妙悟"其实是一种情感之悟;"吟咏情性"其实就是要求把人心中最真挚的情感表现出来,达到心灵的自由;而"兴趣"是诗人内心的情感体验."吟咏情性"和"兴趣"是诗歌的两个特征,它们两者被严羽用"妙悟"精辟地概括了出来,通过分析"吟咏情性","兴趣"两者与"妙悟"的关系,就可了解情感在"妙悟"中具有重要地位.     

凝视"焦点"中的"草根"——探寻"草根"的词源、词义

随着"草根"一词在日常生活中的广泛使用,"草根"的词义不断扩展,人们对其词义的使用也不尽相同,因此探寻其词源、词义很有必要."草根"词源、词义的发展经过了一个从国外到港台再到大陆的演变历程.它是个借词,在词源、词义上都富于当代意味,是一个处于"文化焦点"中的词汇.除了本义外,它还有两个基本义:一是指"底层";二是指"平民"或"平民的".     

"原罪"释疑

在基督教教义中,"罪"和"原罪"的思想在中国历来是被误解较多的两个概念.中国文化的语境下,"罪"是与对法律的违反和道德上的"恶"紧密关联在一起的,这样的理解与基督教对"罪"的理解有很大的距离.也正因如此,中国人对"原罪"的理解则更为困难.本文试图借助基督教思想史上对"罪"和"原罪"问题的一些很有价值的论述,对基督教语境下"罪"和"原罪"的含义进行辨析,以区分它们与中国社会和文化对"罪"的理解之不同,从而尽可能地消除国人对基督教所讲的"罪",特别是"原罪"的普遍曲解.     

"恩"的伦理分析

"恩"的本质是仁慈、爱,恩惠形成于人类之爱."爱"是人与生俱来的情意,源于人类的基本需要."爱"分为"爱己"和"爱人",基于二者之上的恩德也就相应地分为感恩道德和施恩道德."感恩"是对"他爱"的道德回应,"施恩"是"爱人"的道德自觉.前者体现的是"恩"的道德责任,后者则是"恩"的道德境界.     

Chicken,Eggs, and Speciation 1

Standard biological and philosophical treatments assume that dramatic genotypic or phenotypic change constitutes instantaneous speciation, and that barring such saltation, speciation is gradual evolutionary change in individual properties. Both propositions appear to be incongruent with standard theoretical perspectives on species themselves, since these perspectives are (a) non‐pheneticist, and (b) tend to disregard intermediate cases. After reviewing certain key elements of such perspectives, it is proposed that species‐membership is mediated by membership in a population. Species‐membership depends, therefore, not on intrinsic characteristics of an organism, but on relationship of an organism to others. A new definition of speciation is proposed in the spirit of this proposal. This definition implies that dramatic change is neither necessary nor sufficient for speciation. It also implies, surprisingly, that an organism can change species during its lifetime.     

Intimacy, concreteness, and the "self-reference effect"

Reference to oneself during incidental learning of words frequently results in better recall performance than reference to other persons. However, this effect occurs under different conditions with differing strength, and sometimes it is even reversed. Meta-analyses and further experimental studies suggest that increased recall performance under a self-referential encoding task occurs only if it is compared with a nonintimate other person and if abstract material is presented, irrespective of the type of previously presented words (adjectives or nouns). In the current paper, two experiments are reported which support the assumption that this intimacy effect on memory only occurs if no pictorial or concrete features of the material (nouns) to be learned can be exploited for an improvement in encoding or remembering the material. All results agree with predicted effect sizes, which were drawn from a meta-analysis and subsequently conducted experimental studies. This suggests that a recall advantage of referring to oneself compared to other persons is subordinate to the effects of concreteness or imageability. Moreover, the current results offer a theoretical explanation of some previously reported but nevertheless puzzling results from imagery instructions, which indicate decreased recall performance for self-reference compared to other-reference.