共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
I argue that standard decision theories, namely causal decision theory and evidential decision theory, both are unsatisfactory.
I devise a new decision theory, from which, under certain conditions, standard game theory can be derived.
相似文献
2.
In this paper we discuss visualizations in mathematics from a historical and didactical perspective. We consider historical
debates from the 17th and 19th centuries regarding the role of intuition and visualizations in mathematics. We also consider
the problem of what a visualization in mathematical learning can achieve. In an empirical study we investigate what mathematical
conclusions university students made on the basis of a visualization. We emphasize that a visualization in mathematics should
always be considered in its proper context.
相似文献
3.
The focus of this paper is the virtual certainty that much of what we must prize in loving any human person would not have existed in a world that did not contain much of the evil that has occurred in the history of the actual world. It is argued that the appropriate response to this fact must be some form of ambivalence, but that lovers have reason to prefer an ambivalence that contextualizes regretted evils in the framework of what we welcome in human life. 相似文献
4.
In this article it is assumed that human goodness is to be judged with respect to how well one does at practical reasoning. It is acknowledged that (1) there is a difference between moral practical reasoning (MPR) and prudential practical reasoning (PPR) and (2) what these would recommend sometimes conflict. A distinction is then made between absolute PPR and relative PPR and it is argued that doing well at absolute PPR is always consistent with MPR. It is also argued that since it is more reasonable to assess prudential practical rationality in terms of the absolute standard than the relative standard, there is no conflict between the demands of MPR (morality) and PPR (self-interest). 相似文献
5.
In examining representations of cities, disease, and human biology, this paper reflects on what technologies reveal of the
conditions to which they’re turned.
相似文献
6.
Visual perspective taking research has established that chimpanzees recognize what others can or cannot see in the presence
of occluding barriers. Less is known about chimpanzees’ appreciation of what they themselves can or cannot see in similar
situations. Additionally, it is unclear whether chimpanzees must rely on others’ gaze cues to solve such tasks or whether
they have a more general appreciation of what can be seen from where. Hence, we investigated chimpanzees’ ability to anticipate
what they would or would not be able to see from different visual perspectives. Food was hidden among arrays of open containers,
with different containers providing visual access from unique viewing perspectives. Chimpanzees immediately adopted the correct
perspective for each container type. Follow-up experiments showed that they were not simply moving to align themselves with
visible openings. Our study thus suggests that chimpanzees have good visual perspective taking abilities with regard to themselves
as well as others, and that both likely reflect a more general knowledge, at least implicit, of what can be seen from where.
相似文献
7.
This paper presents an new epistemicist account of vagueness, one that avoids standard arbitrariness worries by exploiting
a plenitudinous metaphysic.
相似文献
8.
Here is a simple counterexample to David Lewis’s causal influence account of causation, one that is especially illuminating
due to its connection to what Lewis himself writes: it is a variant of his trumping example
相似文献
9.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
10.
I clarify Locke’s intentionalism and explain what we might gain by paying more attention to the role of linguistic intentions
in the work of the British empiricists.
相似文献
11.
We review several instances where cognitive research has identified distinct psychological mechanisms for moral judgment that
yield conflicting answers to moral dilemmas. In each of these cases, the conflict between psychological mechanisms is paralleled
by prominent philosophical debates between different moral theories. A parsimonious account of this data is that key claims
supporting different moral theories ultimately derive from the psychological mechanisms that give rise to moral judgments.
If this view is correct, it has some important implications for the practice of philosophy. We suggest several ways that moral
philosophy and practical reasoning can proceed in the face of discordant theories grounded in diverse psychological mechanisms.
相似文献
12.
I aim to show that standard theories of counterfactuals are mistaken, not in detail, but in principle, and I aim to say what
form a tenable theory must take. Standard theories entail a categorical interpretation of counterfactuals, on which to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state something, not relative to any supposition or hypothesis, but categorically. On the rival suppositional interpretation, to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state that it would be that C relative to the supposition that it were that A. The two interpretations make incompatible predictions concerning the correct evaluation of counterfactuals. I argue that
the suppositional interpretation makes the correct prediction.
相似文献
13.
The ‘Precautionary Principle’ provides a somewhat ill-defined guide, often of uncertain normative status, for those exercising
administrative decision-making power in circumstances where that may create potential risks to human health or the environment.
This paper seeks to explore to what extent the precautionary principle should have been and was in fact utilised by the Australian
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in its decision to approve the marketing of sunscreens containing titanium dioxide
(TiO 2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in nanoparticulate form. In particular, this article assesses to what extent better application of
that principle might have altered the TGA’s decision that TiO 2 and ZnO ENPs in sunscreens do not require new safety testing, because they are considered to be functionally equivalent to
their bulk counterparts.
相似文献
14.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
15.
In this paper I argue that there is no viable alternative to construing our knowledge and justified belief as resting on a
foundation restricted to truths about our internal states. Against Williamson and others I defend the claim that the internal
life of a cognizer really does constitute a special sort of cognitive home that is importantly different from the rest of
what we think we know and justifiably believe.
相似文献
16.
The contemporary discussion of terrorism has been dominated by deontological and consequentialist arguments. Building upon my previous work on a paradox concerning moral complaint, I try to broaden the perspectives through which we view the issues. The direction that seems to me as most promising is a self-reflexive, conditional, and, to some extent, relational emphasis. What one is permitted to do to others would depend not so much on some absolute code constraning actions or on the estimate of what would optimize overall the resulting well-being but on the precedents that the past actions of those others provided, on the relationships among the participants, on tacit or explicit offers and possible agreements among them, and on the reciprocity (or lack thereof) that ensues. 相似文献
17.
Wayne Martin’s Theories of Judgment marks a significant advance in the philosophical analysis of judgment. He understands that the domain of judgment is so large
that it allows only a selective treatment. We can expand Martin’s insight by acknowledging that this domain is, in fact, hypercomplex
and therefore unsurveyable in Wittgenstein’s sense. Martin’s treatment of judgments can, however, be extended in a number
of directions. Of particular importance is it to understand the linguistic aspect of theoretical judgments, the challenges
to the synthetic conception of judgment constituted not only by existential, but also by impersonal and negative judgments,
and the exploration of the links between the notions of judgment and truth.
相似文献
18.
Most agree that, if all else is equal, patients should be provided with enough information about proposed medical therapies
to allow them to make an informed decision about what, if anything, they wish to receive. This is the principle of informed
choice; it is closely related to the notion of informed consent. Contemporary clinical trials are analysed according to classical
statistics. This paper puts forward the argument that classical statistics does not provide the right sort of information
for informing choice. The notion of probability used by classical statistics is complex and difficult to communicate. Therapeutic
decisions are best informed by statistical approaches that assign probabilities to hypotheses about the benefits and harms
of therapies. Bayesian approaches to statistical inference provide such probabilities.
相似文献
19.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
相似文献
20.
This is a paper about the way language meshes with life. It focuses on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later work, and compares it with
Leo Tolstoy and Saint Augustine’s confessions. My aim is to better understand in this way what it means to have meaning in
language, as well as meaning in life.
相似文献
|