On the Wilson tests

A general critical analysis of the median tests proposed by Wilson for certain analysis of variance hypotheses is presented. Specifically, discrepancies between the purported and actual approximate distributions of some of the test statistics are noted. Validity and power of the resulting tests are discussed.This work was sponsored in part by the Office of Naval Research while the author was at Stanford University. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government. The author wishes to thank Professors Fred C. Andrews, Lincoln E. Moses, and David L. Wallace for their helpful criticisms and suggestions in the writing of this paper.     

A multivariate analysis of an experimental design involving a complete set of latin squares

A model for an experimental design involving a complete set of Latin squares for testing the homogeneity of treatment effects was constructed and analyzed by Gourlay. In his analysis, however, if one or both of the preliminaryF-tests are significant, the analysis cannot differentiate. He then suggests the use of a less desirable test which is biased and has fewer degrees of freedom, regardless of the number of replications (the d.f. cannot be increased by increasing the replications). Further, when heterogeneity of variance occurs, Gourlay's test procedures are in general invalid. The present paper reviews Gourlay's analysis and proposes a modified test procedure.My thanks are due to Drs. R. S. Hirsch, R. L. Erdmann, and R. M. Simons of IBM Corporation for many stimulating discussions, and to Professor D. Teichroew of Stanford University for permission to refer to his paper [6] and his assistance. I also wish to thank B. A. Snyder for correcting many linguistic mistakes.     

Let my people go! Sayyid Qutb and the vocation of Moses

Moses is a great figure of moral and social liberation. His role in the Muslim tradition has been as multifaceted as in Judaism and Christianity. This essay attempts to explore his importance in the ideology of radical Islam by exploring Sayyid Qutb's responses to a number of the Moses scenes of the Qur'an in his work Fi zilal al‐qur'an. Qutb's treatment reveals aspects of the ideological structure that informs his writing, his love of Egypt and his spirituality. It shows, also, how he had a vision of Islam that went far beyond the boundaries of a nation state and regarded Nasser as a betrayer of this vision. He saw the Egyptians suffering under him as they had suffered under Pharoah.     

Forty Years with Moses

Noting that he has been in academia for 40 years, the author likens his experience to that of being among the group that emigrated from Egypt under the leadership of Moses and Aaron and wandered in the desert for 40 years. The biblical story is used to identify the various problems that one is likely to confront under the leadership of contemporary versions of Moses and Aaron. Survival strategies are also proposed for those who find themselves in this predicament.     

Axioms of a theory of discrimination learning

Analysis of an empirical theory into a formal system with specified primitive notions and axioms has the advantage of making it clear what deductions from the theory are permissible, and clarifying the internal structure of the theory. An example of such analysis is presented in this paper.This paper is adapted from part of a Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, in November 1953. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Patrick Suppes, who guided the analysis reported in this paper. The author is now with the Human Resources Research Office, The George Washington University.     

A model for ordered metric scaling by comparison of intervals

This paper presents a model of individual choice behavior for application to experimental situations in which a subject is required to compare utility intervals (differences in subjective value). This model is contrasted with a weaker model, which is also derived. Both models generate ordered metric scales, but differ in predictive power. An experiment on the utility of grades, which provides a test and comparison of the models, is presented.This research was supported in part by Group Psychology Branch, Office of Naval Research, under Contract Nonr 225(17), with Stanford University, and in part by U. S. Public Health Service grant M-2046.The author wishes to express his indebtedness to E. W. Adams, University of California, whose constructive criticism did much to improve the quality of this work.     

Father and Son: Freud Revisits his Oedipus Complex in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Moses and Monotheism</Emphasis>

In this paper, I propose to understand Freud on his own terms and within his social, intellectual and psychological context. It is my hope that such an understanding will contribute in turn to our understanding of some of the sources of the creative process. Were it not for his fame, Freud's views on religion, history and art, would at best be but a footnote to these subjects. My contention is that Freud's writings on these subjects can contribute more to our understanding of Freud, the person, than they do to some of the subjects he is writing about. Toward this end I will focus on two of Freud's works, written more than 30 years apart, his early Moses of Michelangelo and his late-life work Moses and Monotheism, which reflect the considerable changes in Freud's thinking.     

The formation and development of individual and ethnic identity: insights from psychiatry and psychoanalytic theory

This paper describes the concept of identity formation, examining the historical development of identity, particularly ethnic identity. The author distinguishes the normative developmental achievement of self and group identity with pathological identity diffusion due to an earlier attachment disorder. The clinical case of a young male’s experience of his Persian family’s immigration to a new host country details the challenges encountered in ethnic identity formation and its interference in consolidating this ongoing process. The complicated task of self identity formation during this phase of development in the face of parental unresolved and ambivalent attitudes toward their own sense of threatened self and group identity diffusion is discussed. Parental intrapsychic conflict combined with environmental conflict such as racism, prejudice, and more recent paranoia toward Middle Eastern immigrant families interferes further with the normal identity formation process. The paper elaborates the compromised bicultural identity of a youngster who struggles through his developmental life phases.Mali A. Mann, M. D., is Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA and Faculty Member, San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute.     

Philip G. Zimbardo on his career and the Stanford Prison Experiment's 40th anniversary. Interview by Scott Drury, Scott A. Hutchens, Duane E. Shuttlesworth, and Carole L. White

We interviewed Philip G. Zimbardo on April 19, 2011, in anticipation of the 40th anniversary of the Stanford Prison Experiment in August 2011. While Zimbardo's name is mentioned often in tandem with the experiment, he has distinguished himself in many other areas within psychology before and after the experiment, beginning with an accomplished early career at New York University in which he took interest in social psychology research on deindividuation. We discussed the Stanford Prison Experiment in the greater context of his varied and illustrious career, including recent pioneering work on heroism, the establishment of The Shyness Clinic at Stanford University, and the iconic Discovering Psychology series. We also addressed his adroit and candid approach to the experiment itself over the years.     

Freud and the figure of Moses: the Moses of Freud.

Moses was a lifelong preoccupation of Freud, representing a double and idealized self and object. Freud identified with different aspects of Moses during different periods of development, from concrete hero to abstract ideal. He turned to Moses in the concluding phase of his relationship with Fliess and his self-analysis, and then at other times of crisis. The Moses recreated by Freud is important to the evolution of the concepts of the superego, and his Moses studies simultaneously illuminate the developmental significance of internalization, identification, and abstract symbolic thought. Latently autobiographical, the Moses motif is related to the analysis of unconscious conflict and trauma and to issues of Jewish identity and analytic ideals.     

The engineer’s moral right to reputational fairness

This essay explores the issue of the moral rights of engineers. An historical case study is presented in which an accomplished, loyal, senior engineer was apparently wronged as a result of actions taken by his employer in pursuit of legitimate business interests. Belief that the engineer was wronged is justified by showing that what happened to him violated what can validly be termed one of his moral rights as an engineer: the right to reputational fairness. It is then argued that, this right notwithstanding, under certain circumstances it is morally permissible for employers to override it. The paper concludes by identifying two complementary facets of this right, discussing its scope, and indicating what is required of employers obliged to respect it in two types of action contexts. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in Washington, D.C. on October 16, 1993. I am indebted to Stephanie J. Bird, Taft Broome, Deborah Johnson, Carl Mitcham, Walter Vincenti, Vivian Weil, and Caroline Whitbeck for helpful critical comments. Professor of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management and, by courtesy, of Civil Engineering, and in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-2120.     

A generalization of the bush-mosteller model with some significance tests

A generalization of the Bush-Mosteller learning model is proposed in connection with two-alternative learning situations with continuous reinforcement. The problem is to test the hypothesis that reward and non-reward are equally effective in promoting learning. Statistically this reduces to testing a hypothesis about the value of a single parameter, while a set of other parameters remains unspecified. The test presented has the property of being asymptotically locally most powerful among all tests of the same size and asymptotically similar. The application of the test is illustrated.I would like to express my gratitude to Professors J. Neyman and E. L. Scott, Department of Statistics, University of California, for their constant assistance and encouragement throughout the research that led to this paper and during its preparation, and to Professor F. W. Irwin, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, for his many helpful suggestions and comments.     

Freud's prehistoric matrix-Owing 'nature' a death

This paper is informed by contemporary literature in two fields-neonatal research, on the one hand, and the burgeoning interdisciplinary interest in Moses and monotheism, on the other. The author postulates that a cluster of traumatic events during the first two years of Freud's life compelled him to repeat what could not be remembered. Embedded in charged implicit schema, these affects remained unprocessed in Freud, who alone of all psychoanalysts did not have an analysis, manifesting in an uncanny dread/allure of the 'prehistoric' as a dark and dangerous era relating to the archaic feminine/maternal matrix and fratricidal murderousness. Furthermore, she cites evidence to suggest that for Freud this unconsciously excluded subtext of the preoedipal era became associated with ancient Egyptian and Minoan-Mycenaean cultures, a passionate fascination actualized in his collection of antiquities yet incongruously absent in his theoretical work, with three exceptions-Egyptian allusions in Leonardo's unconscious attachment to his archaic mother; the 'Minoan-Mycenaean' analogy on discovering the pre-oedipal mother shortly after the death of Freud's own mother; and Egypt as cradle of humanity in his uncharacteristically rambling, troubled text of Moses and monotheism. The author sees Freud's conceptual avoidance yet compulsive reworking of the prehistoric matrix as a symptomatic attempt to expose early unformulated representations that 'return to exert a powerful effect.'     

Two-alternative learning situations with partial reinforcement

The comparative effects of reward and nonreward on learning are considered in connection with a two-alternative learning situation. Conditions are more general in nature than those discussed in an earlier article. In the statistical model proposed, the question of whether reward and nonreward are equivalent in their effects on learning reduces to testing a composite hypothesis on a multivariate probability distribution. An asymptotic test of this hypothesis is described, and its use is illustrated with data from psychological experiments.This paper was prepared with the partial support of the Office of Naval Research, and may be reproduced in whole or in part for any purpose of the United States government.I wish to express my gratitude to Professors J. Neyman and E. L. Scott of the University of California, Department of Statistics, for their constant assistance and encouragement throughout the research that led to this paper and during its preparation, and to Professor F. W. Irwin of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Psychology for his many helpful suggestions and comments.     

Moses' “Revelation” on Mount Horeb as a near-death experience

Moses, the leader and lawgiver to the people of Israel, went through a metamorphosis during his stay in the Sinai Desert, which can be explained as a near-death or near-death-like experience. Moses saw and heard God in the burning bush and yet survived. Following his revelation, he reached a higher level of consciousness, which enabled personality changes to occur. From being a simple shepherd of his father-in-law's flock, he turned into a prophet and charismatic leader of his people.     

The puzzle of Freud's puzzle analogy: Reviving a struggle with doubt and conviction in Freud's Moses and monotheism

In this paper the author points to a puzzle raised by Freud's contradictory use of an analogy of a jigsaw puzzle. She shows how, through the attempt to resolve this puzzle, meanings and implications of Freud's difficult struggle with his search for truth in Moses and monotheism come alive, both in Freud's writing and in the author herself. Central to this struggle is an encounter with the sources of doubt and conviction that ultimately allows one to embrace ideas experienced as true, although they are not demonstrable evidentially. The paper sheds light on the importance of Moses and monotheism as a theoretical text that reflects on developments in Freud's thinking on truth, and the possibility, dangers and inherent difficulties of grasping it.     

A Note on Strict Implication (1935)

Editor's Note: This paper was found in galley proof form from the journal Mind in the C.I. Lewis Archives in the Special Collections Department of the Stanford University Libraries, call number M174, Box 18, Folder 1. There are two copies of the proofs in this folder, one includes Lewis's corrections. The version that appears here incorporates all of Lewis's corrections. Where these corrections are substantive, the original wording is give in a footnote. The paperwas withdrawn from publication by Lewis early in 1935. The proofs were found with Lewis's other papers in his house in Menlo Park after his death in 1964.     

A two-sample test

In certain investigations involving an experimental group and a control group, the effect of the experimental treatment may be expected to manifest itself by increasing the scores of some subjects but by decreasing the scores of other subjects. Examples arise in the area of defensive behavior. Customary tests of differences between means are inappropriate for assessing the existence of effect of the experimental treatment in such cases. A test based on the ranks of the observations is proposed; it will be sensitive to extreme scores (either large or small or both) for experimentals.     

Simultaneous nonlinear prediction

A previous article was concerned with simultaneous linear prediction [1]. There one was given a set of predictor tests or items and one predicted a set of predictands (also tests or items, or perhaps criteria.) We proposed asimultaneous prediction which was a certain weighted sum of the predictors. In the present article the constraint that the prediction be a weighted sum is relaxed. We seek a general function of the predictors which will maximize the quantity chosen for measuring prediction efficiency. This quantity is the same as the one used in linear prediction and we justify this approach by showing it is the appropriate one when there is only one predictand. In order to solve the problem we restrict consideration to a vector of predictors having only a finite number of possible values, i.e., it possesses discrete probability distribution weights. This can be applied in the case of dichotomous items for instance. It may also be used in continuous distributions as an approximation, by first dividing the original range of values into a finite number of intervals. Then one attributes to the interval the weight corresponding to the probability mass it underlies in the original distribution.This work was initiated at Stanford University under contract 2-10-065 with U. S. Office of Education and was partly revised at the Université de Montréal.I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Herbert Solomon, Stanford University, for his unfailing assistance at all stages of my work and specially for bringing to my attention the problem of nonlinear prediction in the present context.     

Biomedical science in supermarket tabloids

Supermarket tabloids present, as truthful, stories about biomedical science that are greatly exaggerated and often fictitious. Apparently a sizable portion of their large readership accepts these stories as correct. This is “scientific journalism” at its worst, but its standards are not wholly different from those of the mainline press. Allan Mazur is both a sociologist and a technologist. He received an M.S. in Engineering from UCLA and worked for several years as an aerospace engineer before obtaining a Ph.D. in sociology from Johns Hopkins University. He has been a member of the social science faculties of MIT and Stanford University, and is currently a professor in Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.The Dynamics of Technical Controversy (1981) is his major work on public disputes over technology, and he continues to work in this area as well as in biosociology.