文化和性别在积极情绪和消极情绪中的作用

国外关于文化和性别在积极情绪和消极情绪中的作用的新近研究认为,文化和性别及其相互作用会产生基本不同的积极情绪和消极情绪的连接模式.在个体文化的社会(如美国),人们倾向于以对立的方式(如两极方式)来体验和表达情绪;在集体文化的社会(如中国),人们倾向于以辨证的方式来体验和表达情绪.而且,女性在这种倾向性的表现上明显高于男性.最后,作者论述了该领域若干有待深入研究的问题.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE AND MEMORY CONTROL BELIEFS IN OLDER ADULTS

In studies with older adults, future time perspective (FTP) is most frequently assessed using the Carstensen and Lang FTP scale. However, it has been proposed that that this scale is actually composed of three interrelated subcomponents. Within a sample of 189 community-dwelling older adults (aged 60–85), we replicated a three-component structure. We also found that these subscales vary in their relationships to other measures of time perspective (i.e., future time attitudes and perceived life progress), and in their relationships to control beliefs about memory. These findings complement prior research documenting a link between FTP and control beliefs by showing that the magnitude of this association varies across FTP components. Understanding the interplay between FTP and memory control beliefs is also important as both predict important age-related outcomes and may be modifiable via intervention. The reciprocal relationship between these factors and the implications for successful aging are discussed.     

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK GROUP CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE: ONCE MORE INTO THE BREECH

This paper describes an investigation of the relationship between a measure of work group characteristics and both subjective and objective measures of group performance. To assess the relationship between the work group characteristics and performance, objective performance data and manager ratings were collected for customer service work groups who completed the measure. Correlational analyses provided evidence of a relationship between specific work group characteristics and various performance measures. In addition, a factor analysis of the measure provided a more parsimonious set of dimensions that were also related to the criterion measures. The results are discussed in terms of the factors related to work group effectiveness and their relevance to work groups in various types of organizations.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK EXPERIENCE AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A CONCEPTUAL AND META-ANALYTIC REVIEW

A gap in the conceptual development of the work experience construct was addressed by creating a framework specifying two dimensions along which work experience measures can vary. The dimensions of measurement mode (amount, time, and type) and level of specificity (task, job, organizational) formed nine separate categories of measures of work experience. The usefulness of the conceptual framework was tested by conducting a meta-analytic review of the existing literature on work experience using the dimensions in the framework as potential moderators of the experience-performance relationship. Results of the meta-analysis ( N = 25,911; K = 44) revealed an estimated population correlation of 27 between experience and performance after correcting for sampling error and criterion unreliability. In addition, the results showed that amount ( M = .43) and task-level ( M = .41) measures of work experience had the highest correlations with measures of job performance. In addition, work experience had the highest correlations with hard (e.g. work samples) as opposed to soft (e.g. ratings) measures of job performance ( M = .39 vs. M = .24). Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS ON DEATH AND THE SEPARATED SOUL

Since St. Thomas Aquinas holds that death is a substantial change, a popular current interpretation of his anthropology must be mistaken. According to that interpretation – the ‘survivalist’ view – St. Thomas holds that we human beings survive our deaths, constituted solely by our souls in the interim between death and resurrection. This paper argues that St. Thomas must have held the ‘corruptionist’ view: the view that human beings cease to exist at their deaths. Certain objections to the corruptionist view are also met.     

CULTURE AND WORK ORGANIZATION: THE CHINESE CASE *

This paper discusses the role of the indigenous values in facilitating the development of managerial and organizational systems underlying the success of indigenous enterprises in the newly industrialized societies. One illustration is the Chinese culture or, more specifically, the Confucian tradition and ethos, and their implication for management and worker performance in work organizations within the ‘Confucian league’ of Asian societies. The affective rational approach to the paternalistic style of the Japanese and Chinese management coupled with such normative values as trust, subtlety and loyalty of the employees explain the individuals' commitment to their work organization and the excellence in leadership. With reference to the leading steel plant, the China Steel Corporation in Taiwan, this paper examines how such a cherished system of managerial philosophy and practices, in the context of its indigenous Chinese cultural and normative heritage, has been successfully applied to the integration of its labour force, and the upgrading of their morale, performance and productivity.     

应对效能、工作压力与教师职业枯竭的关系

通过对29所高中阶段学校763名教师的问卷调查,主要研究了教师应对效能和工作压力对教师职业枯竭的预测作用。分析结果表明：（1）应对效能对教师的职业枯竭具有显著的预测作用,自信程度、胜任力对情绪衰竭、非人性化和认知枯竭的预测作用显著,胜任力和认知水平对个人成就感有显著的预测作用;（2）工作压力对教师的职业枯竭具有显著的预测作用,导致教师职业枯竭的工作压力因素有：领导与管理、工作负荷、考试升学因素、人际关系;（3）通过对工作压力和应对效能的联合考察能够更好地预测教师的职业枯竭。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPERVISORY- AND SELF-APPRAISALS OF EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE

There has been increased use of self-appraisal programs for evaluating the performance of executive personnel. Because objective measures of performance are rarely available or adequate for this level of personnel, ratings are often relied upon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between supervisory-perceptions and incumbent self-perceptions of the performance of executive personnel. The rationale for this study was that the relationship between supervisory-ratings and self-ratings has important implications for the usefulness of self-appraisal programs. If self-evaluations are to be effective in enlisting a person's cooperation and participation, it seems essential that his perceptions agree with those of his superior. This study was designed to identify those areas of executive performance where there might be significant amounts of disagreement. Knowledge of these problem areas would then be useful in conducting self-appraisal programs. Supervisory-ratings and self-ratings on 27 performance variables were obtained for the top executives of a large manufacturing corporation. A measure of promotability was used as the criterion and analysis of variance and correlation analyses were carried out to attain the objectives. The major conclusions of the study were: (1) Executives tended to rate themselves higher than they were rated by their supervisors, (2) Disagreement in the relationship of the two sets of ratings was found in several areas, (3) Executives who tended to overrate themselves were found to be the ones who were considered least promotable on the basis of a criterion measure of success in the organization.     

FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-INJURY AND SELF-RESTRAINT

It has been suggested that self-restraint, a phenomenon often correlated with self-injurious behavior (SIB), may be maintained by negative reinforcement in the form of escape from the aversive properties of SIB (e.g., pain). We examined the effects of blocking SIB (and presumably removing any aversive effects) on the self-restraint of a 19-year-old male with severe mental retardation. Consistent with the negative reinforcement hypothesis, blocking SIB resulted in near-zero levels of SIB and moderate reductions in self-restraint.     

心理理论和元认知的关系述评

近年来,心理理论和元认知的发展问题已成为发展心理学界关注的热点问题。关于心理理论和元认知的发展关系问题,研究者存在争议。本文从心理理论和元认知的综合研究视角出发,对二者的含义、主要研究方法和关系进行了分析,从而为未来的相关研究提供一种角度。     

问卷长度与作答型式的关系

从心理计量的观点来看,作答型式对心理测验及研究采用的问卷的信度和效度,均会构成严重威协。本文介绍了一些常见的作答型式及用来控制作答型式的传统统计方法。随后,我们指出由于这些传统统计方法都预先假定作答型式是稳定不变的,其效度便有疑问了;因为本文报告的研究证实了随着问卷长度的递增,作答型式会趋于刻板和不极端。因此,我们建议研究者在设计研究时,应尽量避免使用冗长的问卷。     

STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND SELF-ESTEEM

This paper reports research conducted as a part of a continuing program designed to provide empirical delineation of the communication apprehension construct. Five studies are reported which indicate a substantial correlation (r =?.52 to r =?.72) between oral communication apprehension and self-esteem. Results from two college student samples (N = 192 and N = 272), two samples of elementary and secondary teachers (N = 202, N = 384), and a sample of federal employees (N = 211) indicate highly consistent relationships across age groups and occupational types.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS AND BELIEFS: A PROBABILISTIC MODEL1

Based on mathematical probability theory, a model of the relationship between beliefs and behavioral intention was proposed and tested. In Experiment 1, subjects indicated their beliefs about the consequences of smoking cigarettes as well as their intention to smoke cigarettes. When combined according to the proposed model the average correlation between predicted and obtained behavioral intention was .78 (p<.01). In Experiment 2, implications of the model for changing behavioral intentions were examined. Subjects were presented a hypothetical election campaign between two candidates. Intentions to vote for a given candidate were measured prior to and after presentation of information about some of the candidates' political views. Using the proposed model of intention, the predicted and observed changes in voting intentions were correlated .72 (p<.01). Implications of the model for theories of social behavior and persuasion were discussed.     

家庭功能与儿童孤独感的关系：中介的作用

以246名小学三、四、五年级儿童为被试,考察了儿童孤独感、同伴接受性、问题行为与家庭功能的关系。结果发现,儿童的外部问题行为在家庭功能与同伴接受性之间起着中介作用,同伴接受性在外部问题行为与孤独感之间起着中介作用;内部问题行为是家庭功能影响儿童孤独感的中介,而外部问题行为与同伴接受性依次组成家庭功能与孤独感联系的另一间接作用路;不仅如此,家庭功能对儿童孤独感还有较强的直接作用。最后讨论了这些中介作用存在的原因以及适用范围上的限制。