Methodological individualism

The doctrine of methodological individualism is clarified and different versions of it are distinguished. The main thesis of the article is that methodological individualism is either a false doctrine or else a doctrine compatible with functionalism, structuralism, and Marxism. Positively it is maintained that, for all we know, collective entities such as power structures may shape our beliefs and values; these beliefs and values may explain some of our actions and expectations. These actions and expectations, together with similar actions and expectations of other people, caused in a similar fashion, may in turn constitute social phenomena. This means that, for all we know, in our best explanations of some social phenomena we may well need to have recourse to collective entities.     

发展的困境

发展是现代化的内在逻辑要求.在现代性框架内,经济增长和科技进步是发展的核心内容.这种发展是扩张性、宰制性的发展.在现代性的框架内,发展是不可遏止的,因为发展是现代性的内在逻辑要求,但全球化的发展会把地球破坏得不可居住,这便是现代化发展的困境.为走出困境,人类必须树立新的发展观,明确新的发展方向.发展必须包含着精神发展,精神发展的核心内容不是理智发展或科技进步,而是德性培养和智慧提升.     

深化启蒙:从方法论的个人主义到方法论的关系主义

This paper argues that,the widely used methodological individualism in modern philosophy and social sciences is unable to develop cooperative solutions to the problematic conflicts necessarily,while by means of the principle of minimization of mutual hurt on the basis of its relational rationality instead of the maximization of exclusive interests on individual rationality,the methodological relationalism in terms of relations instead of individuals sees the greater possibilities to offer feasible cooperati...     

A Methodological Consideration

This article contests the arguments against the psychological reality of disjunctive concepts recently offered by Anisfeld (1) and by Eifermann and Steinitz (3). It contends that these arguments are based on failures to make certain necessary distinctions. Anisfeld has failed to appreciate the distinction between the learning of concepts and the use of concepts, while Eifermann and Steinitz have failed to take account of the differences between the Complete Learning and the Attribute Identification paradigms in concept attainment research.     

消费主义的伦理困境

现代资本主义社会盛行的消费主义 ,导致人的精神危机和人类的生存危机。它淡化了人们的政治意识 ,使人们丧失了对现有社会制度和社会问题的批判力和辩证否定的思维能力 ;它用物质消费作为衡量人的价值标准 ,使人成为贪婪的消费者 ,丧失了道德信仰和能动创造性 ;它形成了许多虚假性需求 ,造成了自然生存的恶化和破坏 ,直接影响着人类自身的生存。     

人性结构与理想主义政治的困境

人性不止自然属性和社会属性两个层面,还包括介于两者之间而相对不变的"人的本性".因此,人性是一个包含三个层次的结构体人的本能、人的本性和人的本质.现实的政治实践应主要以前两个层次为依据,以此为基础的政治实践将能够比较顺利地实现其预定的目标.相反,如果一厢情愿地固持一种理想主义的政治理念,将不仅实现不了这种理想主义,甚至可能适得其反."文化大革命"改造人性的失败试验就是一个不该被忘记的教训.     

The Predicament of Moral Epistemology

Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research - Moral epistemology (henceforth ME) has been spoken of as a subject matter in its own right by philosophers in the last few decades and yet the...     

票决民主中的票决困境解析

票决民主在具体运行过程中,时常遭遇到诸如某些投票者的经济人属性、投票规则弊病、投票选择的非真实性和不完全性、投票者的有限理性、信息不对称、代表俘获与代表性不足等多重困境.这些困境的存在既意味着票决民主的不尽善尽美性,也对其有效运转构成了严峻挑战.只有审慎地对待这些困境并找寻救治的药方,我们才能避免盲目地制造票决民主的神话和在社会主义民主政治建设进程中付出不必要的代价.     

Methodological issues in school-based evaluation

Methodology in school-based evaluation is importantly affected by economic and ethical constraints often absent or less pressing than in larger-scale evaluations. These and other factors also operate in the specialized school-based evaluations such as that of school psychological services. Defensible evaluation designs must take into account the impossibility of random assignment and reduced options for the use of control groups. In addition there are numerous pressures on the construction and deployment of measuring devices and a need for ingenuity in performing statistical analyses. This article explicates these issues and outlines alternative approaches to methodology which can result in usable data for school decision making.     

Methodological naturalism in the sciences

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - Creationists have long argued that evolutionary science is committed to a dogmatic metaphysics of naturalism and materialism, which is based on...     

Methodological issues in pediatric neuroimaging

The emergence of new technologies to study brain function in vivo has resulted in an explosion of interest in cognitive neuroscience within the last ten years. While most research in functional neuroimaging has been geared toward adult normal volunteers, the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has made it possible to study neural development in normal children, as well as those with developmental disorders. This technology provides an unprecedented opportunity to expand our knowledge of brain function throughout childhood. A variety of technological, experimental, and practical difficulties are amplified when imaging children. This paper reviews some of the more challenging theoretical and practical concerns and provides suggestions for their management.     

意识研究的方法论外在主义

意识研究中内在主义与外在主义的争论由来已久,近年来随着脑科学和认知心理学的发展,这种争论愈发激烈。巴尔斯的"全局工作空间假设"和埃德尔曼—托诺尼的"动态核假设"是意识的方法论外在主义的代表,它们之间具有相容性和共同核心,为进一步探讨意识的秘密提供了好的方法论。     

Methodological Problems in Attitude Research

Abstract

Young, K., Personality and Problems of Adjustment. New York: Crofts, 1940. Pp. 868. Reviewed by Louise Bates Ames.     

Methodological naturalism and epistemic internalism

Epistemic naturalism holds that the results or methodologies from the cognitive sciences are relevant to epistemology, and some have maintained that scientific methods are more compatible with externalist theories of justification than with internalist theories. But practically all discussions about naturalized epistemology are framed exclusively in terms of cognitive psychology, which is only one of the cognitive sciences. The question addressed in this essay is whether a commitment to naturalism really does favor externalism over internalism, and we offer reasons for thinking that naturalism in epistemology is compatible with both internalist and externalist conceptions of justification. We also argue that there are some distinctively internalist aims that are currently being studied scientifically and these notions, and others, should be studied by scientific methods. This essay is dedicated to Deborah Mayo, who has long advocated using error statistical techniques to analyze and resolve epistemological puzzles in the philosophy of science. This essay follows the same spirit by advocating that computational concepts and techniques be applied within the heart of traditional, analytic epistemology.