智能发育与退化的神经网络基础

智能是人类最有特色的行为,正是通过智能活动,人类对自然环境进行了杰出的控制。智能与大脑皮层中大量的神经回路有关。本文讨论了智能赖以存在的基础-神经系统的发育,形成构筑和退化的过程,及其与智能的关系。神经生长锥的延长,分支,迁移到射靶运动,导致突触的形成和可塑性到神经联系的建立,关注局部神经回路到功能神经网络的形态构筑和功能特点,以及神经网络损伤对智能的影响。     

Identifying the Basis for the Word Frequency Effect in Recognition Memory

Abstract

Recent theories of recognition memory have identified two bases on which recognition-memory judgments may be made: recollection, which involves retrieval of contextual information from an earlier episode of stimulus presentation; and familiarity, which is distinguished by a general sense of familiarity in the absence of recollection. Four experiments were conducted to test whether the word frequency effect (WFE) in recognition memory (superior performance with low- in comparison with high-frequency targets) results from recollection-based processes, familiarity-based processes, or both. In two of the experiments, superior memory for aspects of the study context was found for low-frequency in comparison with high-frequency words, suggesting frequency-related differences in recollection. The other two experiments used Jacoby's (1991) inclusion/exclusion paradigm to provide estimates of the contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition. In both experiments the data suggested that the WFE is primarily a recollection-based phenomenon. These findings suggest that the recognition memory WFE for old items results primarily from the effects of word frequency on recollection. The implications of these findings for theories of recognition memory are discussed.     

Introduction: A Theoretical Basis for Psychiatry

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics -     

A Quantum Biomechanical Basis for Near-Death Life Reviews

Near-death life reviews pose a challenge to current memory research in terms of the sheer amount of instantaneous and empathetic information recall. Advances in quantum physics, biomechanics, holographic information theory, and consciousness studies support for the first time a fully realizable quantum biomechanical basis for near-death life reviews. We introduce the unifying paradigm of the quantum hologram as a non-local carrier of information. We further investigate the interrelated phenomena of non-local communications, and the electromagnetic zero-point field. Recent confirmation of the zero-point field lends credibility to vast memory storage capabilities outside the physical body. Microtubules are considered to be key components in non-local, quantum processes critical to human consciousness. Discovery of the liquid crystalline nature of the human body provides further support for our model. Microtubules, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the entire brain are described as communicating non-locally with virtually unlimited memory storage capacity.     

A Biodynamic Basis for Perceived Categories of Action

Actors must determine whether the properties of the surface layout are sufficient to meet their specific requirements for performing an action. Warren’s (1984) study of bipedal stair climbing has demonstrated the significance of intrinsic, body-scaled measures of environmental properties for defining perceptual categories relevant to action. Whereas the absolute measure of the perceptual boundary between “climbable” and “not climbable” varied according to the actor’s size and mass, the perceived boundary was a constant proportion of each actor’s leg length. Our current study examined the perceived maximum seat height (SHmax) for the act of sitting. Experiment 1 delineated the range of surface heights that were perceived to afford sitting on. When expressed as a function of each person’s leg length (L), SHmax was remarkably stable across individuals. Unexpectedly, it was quite close to the maximum riser height determined by Warren. Experiment 2 examined whether this similarity reflected a common biodynamic requirement, since climbing and sitting require actors to lift their center of gravity above the surface of support. Perceived critical heights were obtained for both acts using the same methods and apparatus. The perceived maximum heights for each act were virtually identical. These findings are consistent with the possibility that the information used in determining critical action boundaries is already scaled with reference to some physical dimension of the actor.     

基于数量感知的数量适应

数量适应是指观察者在知觉上适应刺激数量的过程, 这一过程可以通过考察适应后其数量感知的变化加以揭示。目前对这一现象的争论焦点在于它是对数量的单独适应还是对非数量表面信息的适应。本研究通过改变刺激点大小和刺激组块两种方式, 探讨非数量表面信息对数量感知和数量适应的影响。实验一证明刺激点大小不会对数量感知产生显著影响。实验二发现刺激组块会对数量感知产生显著影响。实验三在前两个实验基础上发现：刺激大小不对数量感知产生显著影响, 也不影响数量适应, 而刺激组块能显著改变数量感知, 并按照改变后的数量感进行适应。三个实验的结果说明：表面信息只有在影响到数量感知时才会影响适应, 数量适应是基于数量感知的加工而产生的适应现象。     

On the Linguistic Basis for Contextualism

Philosophical Studies -     

Response Style: A Basis for Rorschach Construct Validity

The Rorschach test situation was defined as an ambiguous power relationship in which the S could respond either by moving away from (Recognition), moving toward (Reaction) or moving against (Proaction) the E. Construct validity was approached by predicting both to a trait (trait validity) and to a different theoretical system (nomological validity). To evaluate trait validity it was predicted that yielders would have more Reactive responses than non-yielders and that non-yielders would have more Proactive responses than yielders. Nomological validity was investigated by predicting into Schachter's (1959) theory of affiliation. First born and only children should produce more Reactive scores than late born children and late born children should produce more Proactive responses than first and only children. The prediction that the non-yielders would produce more Proactive scores than yielders was not sustained. However, the hypotheses about yielding and Reaction, first and only children and Reaction, and late children and Proaction were sustained.     

A Review of the Evidence for a Biological Basis for Snake Fears in Humans

The Psychological Record - Three types of evidence are considered for the view that the propensity of humans to fear snakes is derived from our evolutionary history. It is argued that findings from...     

心理理论的遗传基础初探

心理理论在社会交往中起着关键作用,其认知过程包括对自我和他人的心理状态进行推断及预测下一步行为.心理理论在不同个体间具有差异,这种差异可能部分归因于与心理理论相关的神经化学物质如多巴胺、五羟色胺、催产素、血管加压素等.来自不同群体的研究结果还发现,与这些神经化学物质有关的基因多态性,如儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶、多巴胺D4受体基因、5-羟色胺受体基因、催产素受体基因等都与心理理论的表现有关.     

Basis for World Peace

The importance of mastery in children's humor has been emphasized by many researchers and theorists. The present study tested the hypothesis that a high level of mastery over S's sex-role identity enhances the funniness of humor based on sex inappropriate behavior. Seventeen three- to five-year-old boys were tested on the It Scale and were shown drawings of children engaged in sex appropriate or inappropriate behavior whose outcome was either positive or negative. While inappropriate and negative outcomes were consistently seen as funnier than appropriate and positive ones, when inappropriate positive outcomes were pitted against appropriate negative ones, boys choosing the former as funnier than the latter had significantly higher sexrole identity scores. Support was claimed for the general role of mastery in children's humor.     

社会工作的伦理基础

本文通过追溯社会工作产生的历史及其发展历程 ,认为基督教文化中的博爱思想、儒教文化中的仁爱情怀、佛教文化中的慈悲精神为社会工作提供了丰厚的思想资源。启蒙运动以来所倡导的人的基本权利思想及发轫于文艺复兴时期的古典人道主义 ,为现代社会工作价值观念提供了重要的精神文化资源。最大限度地减少人类苦难是社会文明进步的表现 ,因此 ,以弱势群体为服务对象的社会工作无疑是人类一项崇高的职业。     

A Note on the Natural Basis of Action Categories

What is the basis for the categorical distinctions evident in action? For some visually-guided activities it can be shown that categories of action are specified by criterial values of optical properties. In the more general case, the criterial optical properties should be scaled relative to dimensions of the acting animal. The analysis of the prey-catching behavior of praying mantids is used to exemplify the strategy for determining naturally defined boundaries on actions.     

Idea Generation in Groups: A Basis for Creativity in Organizations

Knowledge or idea exchange is an important function of groups in organizations. Much research has demonstrated that idea sharing in groups involves relatively inefficient processes. Some of these processes are briefly summarized. It is proposed that there are conditions under which idea sharing in groups can be productive. One important factor is the extent to which group members carefully process the ideas exchanged in the group (attention). Another is the opportunity for group members to reflect on the ideas after the exchange process (incubation). These factors were examined by using a “brainwriting” paradigm. Evidence was obtained for enhanced performance of sharing groups in comparison to nonsharing or nominal groups both during the idea-generation session and in a second individual idea-generation session. This study suggests that, under the right conditions, the idea exchange process in groups may be an important means for enhancing creativity and innovation in organizations.