The Rise and Fall of Syphilis in Renaissance Europe

The rapid changes that syphilis underwent after the first major outbreak that occurred in Naples in the mid-1490s are believed to constitute the first well-documented example of a human disease. The new plague was of exceptional virulence, highly contagious and causing severe ulceration at the site of infection. According to medical and other historical sources, the ‘genius epidemics’ changed some years after this onset, and a slower-progressing form of syphilis seems to have replaced the initial severe form, as do many virulent epidemic infectious diseases that appear in devastating forms in a previously uninfected population. But what exactly were the features of the disease at the moment of its appearance in Europe at the end of the fifteenth century? How many years did it take for the early, virulent form to be replaced and become endemic? What was the pace of these changes through the decades following the onset of the epidemic? In this essay, I review these issues through an analysis of a large number of chronologically-ordered primary historical sources.     

结核病疗养院的兴衰及其启示

通过追溯欧美和中国结核病疗养院产生、发展直至消亡的历史来探寻曾经风行百年的“疗养院疗法”.经考证,正是链霉素、异烟肼等杀菌药物的发明使得结核病疗养院成为历史的陈迹.结核病疗养院之兴衰表明:新的、疗效显著的治疗手段出现之后,旧的疗效差的疗法因此被淘汰,基于旧疗法的治疗机构亦随之过时.     

古代农业文明兴衰的启示--生态环境呼唤科学发展观

古代农业文明发祥于良好的生态环境 ,又衰落于严重的生态破坏 ,它给人以深刻的启示 :不能以牺牲环境来换取暂时的发展 ,必须转变观念 ,树立科学发展观 ,协调人与自然的关系 ,走可持续发展之路。     

Caught in a Lie: The Rise and Fall of a Respectable Deviant

ABSTRACT

In this study, we draw on the concept of respectable deviance to understand the journey into deviance – from her rise as an alternative health expert through to her public disgrace – of Belle Gibson, a young Australian blogger, app publisher, and alternative medicine advocate who falsely claimed to have cured cancer without reverting to science-based medicine. Through the rigorous analysis of a series of media and documentary sources where Ms Gibson provided autobiographical accounts of her life experience, the argument is presented that the promotion of one’s self as a health expert and subsequently being outed as a fraudster encourages techniques of neutralization and particular presentations of self to respond and manage negative labeling and the stigma attached.     

从刘禹锡诗看中唐道教的升降变迁

本文在研究刘禹锡的全部涉道诗后,对它们进行了分类,并归纳了各类的基本特征。在此基础上,进而考证了他关于玄都观的三首诗,尤其详细地考证和辨析了两首描写玄都观桃花的诗,探讨了历代对这些作品的误读及其原因。复用以诗证史的方法补充说明了中唐时期道教升降变迁的情况,反过来也加深了对刘禹锡诗歌创作本来面貌的认识。     

无神论兴衰与国家民族兴衰相联系--任继愈先生对无神论教育寄予厚望

中国学术泰斗任继愈先生蓦然西去，令人扼腕哀痛。任继愈先生的治学精神和在学术上的贡献必将永世长存，并会影响到一代又一代后来人。     

Bill W. Goes to Hollywood: The Rise and Fall of Recovering Addiction Experts

Although historians of addiction have long debated whether an oral culture of "sharing" or "Big Book"-based reading practices are foundational to 12-step recovery culture, the role other types of media have played in the development of contemporary recovery discourse has remained largely unexplored. This essay compares the production, reception and formal elements of the films The Lost Weekend and Smash Up in relation to the popularization of the disease concept of alcoholism. Through an analysis of archival sources, addiction narratives, and nascent alcoholism research, this paper argues that, by emphasizing the importance of popular representations of alcoholics above scientific inquiry, early recovering "experts" successfully promulgated the disease concept of alcoholism, but the testimonials of later recovering alcoholics became relegated to the sphere of popular culture.     

消费心理预期与股票涨跌关系的初步研究

在间隔两个月重复测试我国城市居民消费心理预期水准的基础上,采用交叉滞后相关法(CLPC)研究了消费心理预期水准与股票涨跌幅之间的关系．发现：消费心理预期是导致股票涨跌的主要因素．从而证明消费心理预期是影响消费需求的重要因素。     

The Virtuous Fall

The medieval Church's concern with moral reform contributed to the emergence of a genre of literature in the thirteenth century dedicated to the vices and virtues. Inspired by monastic and scholastic traditions, treatises such as Laurent d'Orléans's Somme le roi encouraged the avoidance of sin and provided the faithful with a moral taxonomy that ultimately ensured their access to heaven. Marguerite Porete's Mirror of Simple Souls and Meister Eckhart's Discourses of Instruction challenge this virtue‐centered approach to salvation. Relying on their shared claim that the fall of the just man is in fact a virtue, this essay argues that their moral theology is grounded not on the a posteriori act of penance needed for salvation, but on the a priori consent of the will. This alternative view of moral life finds support in previous strands of the Christian tradition, and in particular in Peter Abelard's theory of intentionalism.     

The Rise of the Conscious Feminine

SUMMARY

The rise of the conscious feminine in the world is welcome and overdue. However, the change in the balance of power between men and women in relationship is presenting the need to develop a better understanding of the archetypal characteristics of the masculine and feminine as well as the differences between men and women. This article explores some of the developmental differences, the maintenance of mutuality and learning connecting skills.     

The Ford Foundation and the Rise of Behavioralism in Political Science

How did behavioralism, one of the most influential approaches to the academic study of politics in the twentieth century, become so prominent so quickly? I argue that many political scientists have either understated or ignored how the Ford Foundation's Behavioral Sciences Program gave form to behavioralism, accelerated its rise, and helped root it in political science. I then draw on archived documents from Ford as well as one of its major grantees, U. C. Berkeley, to present several examples of how Ford used its funds to encourage the behavioral approach at a time when it had few adherents among political scientists.     

理学的兴起和儒家人伦道德学说的回归与振兴

理学家以《四书》为依托 ,从《四书》开发与阐明的儒家心性论和人伦道德学说实现了人学为本旨的而表现为以理念形态的儒学的复归 ,质言之 ,实现了以人伦为本位的儒学的归位。以此言之 ,理学的兴起亦可谓是儒家人伦道德学说的重建与振兴。     

非形式逻辑的兴起与发展

非形式逻辑致力于研究人们在日常生活中普遍使用的非形式化推理和论证的方法、规则和模式。作为一个独立的哲学分支 ,非形式逻辑只有短短不到 3 0年的历史 ,但业已成为一个十分活跃的研究领域 ,并对修辞学、传播学和教育学等领域的研究与应用产生了积极的影响。本文回顾非形式逻辑兴起的历史背景 ,介绍非形式逻辑的主要研究领域和热点问题 ,剖析其在整个哲学学科中的作用与地位 ,并展望非形式逻辑在中国的发展与应用前景。一　非形式逻辑的兴起符号逻辑的诞生对 2 0世纪整个西方哲学的影响无疑是革命性的 ,对当代数学、计算机科学和语言学的…     

The Rise of Sympathy and the Question of Divine Suffering

Seventeenth-century Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, writing just at the time when the concept of sympathy was moving from the realm of magic to that of ethics, argued that God must be understood as having a vital sympathy with suffering human beings. Yet while Cudworth invoked sympathy in an attempt to capture God's intimate relation with creation, in fact, it served as a principle of mediation that tended either to collapse God into the world or to distance God from the world. The broader implications of this problematic conception of divine transcendence can be seen in the secularizing tendencies within sentimentalist ethics and in the work of the late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Anglican theologians, who were the first to affirm divine passibility.     

美国基督教福音派的崛起和美国的单极化战略

美国基督教福音派迅速崛起,积极向政治舞台扩张。这成为近30年来美国社会生活中最引人注目的现象之一。在冷战期间,基督教被当作"美国反对无神论共产主义的重要立足点。"冷战之后,两极对抗消失,地缘政治因素减弱,所谓"国际宗     

The educational psychologist in England and Wales

This article reviews the background to the development of the profession in England and Wales. It traces the recent pressures for expanding the size of the profession which led to the establishement of a working party by the British Government's Department of Education and Science, under the chairmanship of Professor Summerfield. The recent report of this working party (Department of Education and Science, 1968) is discussed and its analysis of the functions of the educational psychologist is summarized. The article selects a few of the report's main recommendations for the future. Those recommendations relating to training, numbers of educational psychologists required, the nature of the work, and the structure of the profession are outlined. Finally the article discusses initial reactions to the recommendations of the report.