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1.
Ewa Bergh Nestlog 《Argumentation》2009,23(4):437-449
Most pupils become confident with narrative texts. However, studies show that pupils do not learn to master discursive genres
in a satisfactory way. Therefore it is important to study pupils’ written argumentation and to develop knowledge about text
production in an education that also highlights linguistic structures. The present article investigates written argumentations
produced by 10–12 year-old pupils. The aim is to investigate perspectives in the texts, and thereby catch the entire texts—their
content, function and form—and to relate text analysis to interaction in the classroom. The theoretical framework emanates
from the dialogical and triadic conception of language and text where ideational, relational and textual aspects play a central
role. In this article the focus is on the three perspective dimensions—relief, hierarchy and sequences—in one argumentative text written by a 10-year-old girl and the discursive practice within which her text is produced. 相似文献
2.
This article describes a methodology for the capture and analysis of hybrid data. A case study in the field of reasoning with
multiple representations—specifically, in computer programming—is presented to exemplify the use of the methodology. The hybrid
data considered comprise computer interaction logs, audio recordings, and data about visual attention focus. The capture of
the focus of visual attention data is performed with software. The software employed tracks the user’s visual attention by
blurring parts of the stimuli presented on the screen and allowing the participant to see only a small region of it at any
one time. These hybrid data are analyzed via a methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. The article
describes the software tool employed and the analytic methodology, and also discusses data capture issues and limitations
of the approach. 相似文献
3.
In the present article, functions written in the freeware R are presented that calculate several measures from traditional
signal detection theory for each individual in a sample, along with summary statistics for the sample. Bias-corrected and
accelerated bootstrap confidence intervals are also produced. Arguments are made for using an alternative approach—multilevel
generalized linear models—and a function is presented for it. These functions are part of the R package sdtalt, which is available
on the Comprehensive R Archive Network. Recent data from memory recognition studies are used to illustrate these functions. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes a combined instrument (eye tracker and target generator, both head mounted, with integrated data analysis) that tests parameters of saccadic eye movement and fixation control to give insight into the status of functional brain systems. Using three minilasers, the target generator projects three visual stimuli, a fixation point and two lateral stimuli, with programmable timing. The controller allows the selection of overlap, 200-msec gap, or remembered saccade trials. Size, maximal velocity, and reaction time are determined for each primary saccade. The number of prosaccades and antisaccades are counted. More saccades—for example, the occurrence and latency of corrective saccades—may be evaluated off line by an interactive PC analysis program. The eye position data can be transferred to a PC. Off-line analysis compares each observed variable relative to an age-matched control group (300 healthy control subjects 7–70 years of age, tested in the overlap condition with prosaccade instructions and in the gap condition with antisaccades). The diagnostic results can be used to elaborate an individual optomotor training program. 相似文献
5.
Event and timing logs are useful in studying human—computer interaction, evaluating applications, and comparing input devices.
Recording User Input (RUI) is a tool that records user—computer interface behavior. It is created in the .Net framework with
C# for Windows and in the Carbon framework for Mac OS X. RUI runs in the background and works with software that runs under
Windows or Mac OS X (10.3 Panther and later versions). We illustrate its use with a human—robot interaction interface and
present two simple tests that RUI passes and that other timing software should pass: avoiding 0-msec timings and time distributions
that follow a gamma (or gamma-like) distribution. 相似文献
6.
T. Allan Hillman 《Synthese》2008,163(2):245-261
While considerable ink has been spilt over the rejection of idealism by Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore at the end of the
19th Century, relatively little attention has been directed at Russell’s A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, a work written in the early stages of Russell’s philosophical struggles with the metaphysics of Bradley, Bosanquet, and
others. Though a sustained investigation of that work would be one of considerable scope, here I reconstruct and develop a
two-pronged argument from the Philosophy of Leibniz that Russell fancied—as late as 1907—to be the downfall of the traditional category of substance. Here, I suggest, one can
begin to see Russell’s own reasons—arguments largely independent of Moore—for the abandonment of idealism. Leibniz, no less
than Bradley, adhered to an antiquated variety of logic: what Russell refers to as the subject-predicate doctrine of logic.
Uniting this doctrine with a metaphysical principle of independence—that a substance is prior to and distinct from its properties—Russell
is able to demonstrate that neither a substance pluralism nor a substance monism can be consistently maintained. As a result,
Russell alleges that the metaphysics of both Leibniz and Bradley has been undermined as ultimately incoherent. Russell’s remedy
for this incoherence is the postulation of a bundle theory of substance, such that the category of “substance” reduces to
the most basic entities—properties. 相似文献
7.
Little attention has been devoted to date to the study of morphological knowledge in individuals with developmental dyslexia.
The current study compares the ability of Hebrew-speaking adult dyslexic students and gradeschool children to analyze written
words into their morphological components, using a linguistic analogy task. Two sets of monolingual Hebrew-speaking participants—152
typically developing gradeschool children and 38 undergraduate students diagnosed with reading disabilities—were administered
the Morphological Analogies Task. Results indicate an early ability of normally developing children to perform morphological
analogies, while the adult dyslexic group performed on par with 3rd and 4th grade. Error analysis revealed that the overwhelming
majority of the erroneous responses in all grades involved morphological strategies rather than the associative semantic strategy.
However, the adult dyslexic students had many more associative responses than the graderschoolers. This testifies to the reduced
written morphological abilities of adult dyslexic students. 相似文献
8.
‘Abd al-Rasul ‘Ubudiyyat 《Topoi》2007,26(2):201-212
It would not be an overstatement to say that Mulla Sadra’s metaphysical system—commonly known as transcendent philosophy or transcendent wisdom (hikmat muta‘aliyyah)—is founded on the fundamentality of existence and the subjectivity of quiddity or whatness. I will begin this essay by drawing
a rather simple picture of this principle under the title “A Common Error.” Then I will proceed by explaining its background
and the reasoning supporting it, while offering a more detailed elucidation of the problem. The essay will end by examining
two recent interpretations that have gone to extremes in describing quiddity’s subjective nature.
This article was written in Farsi specifically for this edition of Topoi and was translated by D. D. Sodagar and Muhammad Legenhausen.
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9.
Dmitry Zaitsev 《Studia Logica》2009,92(2):265-280
In their useful logic for a computer network Shramko and Wansing generalize initial values of Belnap’s 4-valued logic to the
set 16 to be the power-set of Belnap’s 4. This generalization results in a very specific algebraic structure — the trilattice
SIXTEEN
3 with three orderings: information, truth and falsity. In this paper, a slightly different way of generalization is presented.
As a base for further generalization a set 3 is chosen, where initial values are a — incoming data is asserted, d — incoming data is denied, and u — incoming data is neither asserted nor denied, that corresponds to the answer “don’t know”. In so doing, the power-set of
3, that is the set 8 is considered. It turns out that there are not three but four orderings naturally defined on the set
8 that form the tetralattice EIGHT
4. Besides three ordering relations mentioned above it is an extra uncertainty ordering. Quite predictably, the logics generated
by a–order (truth order) and d–order (falsity order) coincide with first-degree entailment. Finally logic with two kinds of operations (a–connectives and d–connectives) and consequence relation defined via a–ordering is considered. An adequate axiomatization for this logic is proposed. 相似文献
10.
Pastell M Aisla AM Hautala M Poikalainen V Praks J Veermäe I Ahokas J 《Behavior research methods》2006,38(3):479-486
We have worked on automatically measuring the behavior of dairy cows during automatic milking. A milking robot offers a unique
possibility for a dynamic measurement of physical data. Four strain gauge scales were installed into a milking robot in order
to measure the weight of each leg separately, and a laser distance sensor was placed next to the robot in order to measure
the radial movement of the cow’s body surface. The data were collected into a PC. Three video cameras were installed to observe
the system, and the data were recorded digitally. From the data, the dynamic weight or load of each leg and the respiration
rate of a cow could be measured. Different stages of milking were observed, and the changes in behavior during milking were
analyzed. The acquired information could be used to judge a cow’s restlessness and welfare—for example, leg health and stress. 相似文献
11.
Ian Neath 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(1):74-80
Computer simulation models of memory—including the so-called global memory models—have had and continue to have a profound impact on current memory research and theory. Unfortunately, no memory textbooks published before 1998 present these models to students. The arguments for and against these types of models are summarized along with reasons why the models should be taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. A set of freely available computer programs that can facilitate classroom presentation is then briefly described. 相似文献
12.
Ioannis Ioakimidis Modjtaba Zandian Cecilia Bergh Per Södersten 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):755-760
A method for the control of eating rate gave subjects feedback from a computer screen on how much and at what rate to eat
during a meal. The method also allowed us to record the development of satiety during the meal. Linear eaters—that is, women
selected for eating at an approximately constant rate—underate when challenged to eat at a lower rate and overate when challenged
to eat at a higher rate, thereby modeling the eating behavior of patients with anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder,
respectively. In both cases, the women’s postmeal perception of satiety mimicked that of the respective patient group. The
results provide support for the notion that linear eaters have the capacity to exhibit disordered eating. 相似文献
13.
Visual word recognition studies commonly measure the orthographic similarity of words using Coltheart’s orthographic neighborhood
size metric (ON). Although ON reliably predicts behavioral variability in many lexical tasks, its utility is inherently limited
by its relatively restrictive definition. In the present article, we introduce a new measure of orthographic similarity generated
using a standard computer science metric of string similarity (Levenshtein distance). Unlike ON, the new measure—named orthographic Levenshtein distance 20 (OLD20)—incorporates comparisons between all pairs of words in the lexicon, including words of different lengths. We demonstrate
that OLD20 provides significant advantages over ON in predicting both lexical decision and pronunciation performance in three
large data sets. Moreover, OLD20 interacts more strongly with word frequency and shows stronger effects of neighborhood frequency
than does ON. The discussion section focuses on the implications of these results for models of visual word recognition. 相似文献
14.
15.
An experimental comparison of two commonly used delay-discounting procedures (binary choice and fill in the blank) and modes
of administration (paper and pencil and computer based) was conducted. Statistically significant main effects were found for
task type—steeper discounting was observed in the binary-choice task— but not for mode of administration. As simple evidence
of validity, hyperbolic curves consistently provided a better fit to the data than did exponential curves for both tasks.
Further, magnitude effects were also observed across conditions. Correlational results varied largely as a function of the
discounting index (either k or area under the curve) under consideration. Across the two tasks, discounting indices showed modest levels of reliability
[r(AUC)=.33; r(k)=.75]. The findings pointed to refinements for both the methodology and criteria that are used to study delay discounting
and raised questions about the commonly assumed relationship between discounting and the construct of impulsivity. 相似文献
16.
In this paper, we describe a software package, LEDA, for editing two-dimensional images and films. It is written in Turbo-C and was first conceived to work with a high-resolution graphics card (Adage PG90/10, 2,048 × 1,023 × 8 bits) on an IBM PC/AT or compatible computer. The program is intended for managing images and films used in the fields of visual psychophysics, electrophysiology, and so forth. 相似文献
17.
We describe the Glance software package, which takes advantage of tablet PC technology to control experiments that require
participants to reconstruct complex stimuli, as with the Chase and Simon (1973) chess reconstruction task, and to present
tests that require participants to refer briefly to critical displays, as with the digit-symbol task. Participants press the
space bar, which allows access to the stimulus and, simultaneously, prohibits drawing on the tablet. At release of the space
bar—or optionally, after some period of time—the stimulus is hidden, and the drawing tools are enabled. Output from Glance
allows analysis as fine grained as each stroke or as coarse as the entire image. 相似文献
18.
We argue that considering only a few ‘big’ ethical decisions in any engineering design process — both in education and practice
— only reinforces the mistaken idea of engineering design as a series of independent sub-problems. Using data collected in
engineering design organisations over a seven year period, we show how an ethical component to engineering decisions is much
more pervasive. We distinguish three types of ethical justification for engineering decisions: (1) consequential, (2) deontological
or non-consequential, and (3) virtue-based. We find that although there is some evidence for engineering designers as ‘classic’
consequentialists, a more egocentric consequentialism would appear more fitting. We also explain how the idea of a ‘folk ethics’
— a justification in the second category that consciously weighs one thing with another — fits with the idea of the engineering
design process as social negotiation rather than as technological progress. 相似文献
19.
20.
The System Usability Scale (SUS), developed by Brooke (Usability evaluation in industry, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 189–194,
1996), had a great success among usability practitioners since it is a quick and easy to use measure for collecting users’ usability
evaluation of a system. Recently, Lewis and Sauro (Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference
(HCII 2009), San Diego CA, USA, 2009) have proposed a two-factor structure—Usability (8 items) and Learnability (2 items)—suggesting that practitioners might
take advantage of these new factors to extract additional information from SUS data. In order to verify the dimensionality
in the SUS’ two-component structure, we estimated the parameters and tested with a structural equation model the SUS structure
on a sample of 196 university users. Our data indicated that both the unidimensional model and the two-factor model with uncorrelated
factors proposed by Lewis and Sauro (Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference (HCII 2009), San
Diego CA, USA, 2009) had a not satisfactory fit to the data. We thus released the hypothesis that Usability and Learnability are independent
components of SUS ratings and tested a less restrictive model with correlated factors. This model not only yielded a good
fit to the data, but it was also significantly more appropriate to represent the structure of SUS ratings.
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Simone BorsciEmail: Email: |