改革 改良 革命

历史上的改革及其与改良、革命的区别和联系,大体有以下几种情况。第一,当新生产力已经出现,社会制度变革已成为大势所趋的时候,出现某种代表新生产关系的社会改革。但是由于改革者的阶级局限,不能提出根本推翻旧制度的主张。中国近代的戊戍变法就属此列。戊戍变法发生在资产阶级登上历史舞台,封建制度行将就木的时代,     

American = White?

Six studies investigated the extent to which American ethnic groups (African, Asian, and White) are associated with the category "American." Although strong explicit commitments to egalitarian principles were expressed in Study 1, Studies 2-6 consistently revealed that both African and Asian Americans as groups are less associated with the national category "American" than are White Americans. Under some circumstances, a dissociation between mean levels of explicit beliefs and implicit responses emerged such that an ethnic minority was explicitly regarded to be more American than were White Americans, but implicit measures showed the reverse pattern (Studies 3 and 4). In addition, Asian American participants themselves showed the American = White effect, although African Americans did not (Study 5). The American = White association was positively correlated with the strength of national identity in White Americans. Together, these studies provide evidence that to be American is implicitly synonymous with being White.     

世纪末=世界末日?

编者按：从本期开始,我们开设了“本期专题”这样一个栏目,尝试就大家比较关心并且有兴趣的一些问题开展讨论。我们期待着广大读者的参与和支持。您可以就本栏目的选题提出建议,也可以对已讨论的问题进一步发表看法。随着1999年的到来,人类进入了本世纪的最后时期。每...     

激励培训=有效营销?

办公室常见的一个情景:踏入公司,四周墙壁贴满激励字语:我是最棒的、我最行、我可以、世界上没有笨人、只有懒人……。这是企业内部自我激励的训练,是企图透过文字达至激励的目的,同时也可以说,这是企业教育文化。企业员工为何需要被教育、被训练?你是否发觉,只要团队集合在一起,肯定会有问题。这就像企业人士爱说的一句:情愿管机器,也不愿意管人。     

Social intelligence − empathy = aggression?

Empathy reduces aggressive behavior. While empathy and social intelligence are strongly correlated, it is, for both logical and consequential reasons, important to regard them as different concepts. Social intelligence is required for all types of conflict behavior, prosocial as well as antisocial, but the presence of empathy acts as a mitigator of aggression. When empathy is partialed out, correlations between social intelligence and all types of aggression increase, while correlations between social intelligence and peaceful conflict resolution decrease. Social intelligence is related differently to various forms of aggressive behavior: more strongly to indirect than to verbal aggression, and weakest to physical aggression, which is in accordance with the developmental theory of aggressive style. More sophisticated forms of aggression require more social intelligence.     

教会改良家伊拉斯谟简

伊拉斯谟：哲学家、神学家（约1466—1536）16世纪初欧洲人文主义运动主要代表人物。1524年写了《论自由意志》并同马丁·路德通信,批评路德。他知识渊博,忠于教育事业,一生始终追求个人自由和人格尊严,但忽视自然科学。德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟（1466-1536）,中世纪尼德兰著名的人文主义者和神学家,北欧的人文主义者,对日耳曼、瑞士、英格兰的宗教改革运动产生了巨大的影响。他出生于鹿特丹,少年时父母双亡,16岁被监护人送往共同生活兄弟会所办的教会学校。     

“520”=“我爱你”?

<正>据5月21日《宁波日报》报道:5月20日,寓意"我爱你",不少年轻人选择在这一天登记结婚。来自宁波市民政局的统计数据显示,5月20日全市婚姻登记处共为1666对新人办理了结婚登记。而平日全市每天的结婚登记量在200对左右,5月20日是平时的8倍。曾几何时,互联网世界又悄然兴起了一个固定节日,就是5月20日。因为5月20日的"520"谐音为"我爱你",所以被网民奉为"网络情人节"。     

生活中的逻辑4/4=1吗?

前些天,在路上听到两人的一段对话,颇感有趣,现摘记如下。甲:现在有的书上错处真不少。乙:不见得吧! 甲:(拿出一本《银幕歌声》)你看,这书上有好几处都写着4╱4。学过数学的人都知道,这4╱4是个假分数,应把它约简化成1才对。乙:啊!……这书上应该是4╱4还是1?4╱4就一定等于1吗?正确回答这个问题,不能离开语境和论域。逻辑学告诉我们,同一个概念可以用不同的语词来表达;同一个语词也可以表达     

“改革”究竟包括什么?

“在这种种情况下,我们的各项改革包括计划、投资、价格、物资、金融等等,更要尊重价值规律,充分考虑价值规律的作用,尽可能使之符合而不是与之相背离;否则我们仍要受到客观规律的惩罚。”这是《科学社会主义理论的重大突破》一文中的一段话(见《光明日报》1987年10月31日第一版)。这段话中,因混淆了概念间     

So Why Aren't Counselors Reporting n = 1 Research Designs?

There is a growing urgency for counseling to be evidence based. The n = 1 research paradigm offers counselors in the field an opportunity to evaluate their clinical casework and report this in methodologically rigorous form to their peers. Data from the past 20 years of the Journal of Counseling & Development indicate that n = 1 studies constitute just over 1% of the total articles reporting research data, and possible reasons for this are discussed, with some suggestions made for overcoming this reluctance.     

“现实的社会主义=小生产+公有制”吗?

我们党正在针对当前国内外形势下出现的一些思想问题,以马列主义、毛泽东思想为指导,开展社会主义理论的学习和教育。这对于我们坚定社会主义信念,坚持社会主义方向,反对国际资本主义“和平演变”的阴谋,反对资产阶级自由化,具有十分重大的意义。我们学习的是马克思主义的科学社会主义理论。因此,进行这种宣传教育,必须     

Less negative=more positive? Social discrimination as avoidance or approach

A motivational approach to ingroup favoritism based on regulatory focus theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997) is introduced. RFT suggests that individual self-regulation is either more concerned with approaching positive events (promotion focus) or with avoiding negative events (prevention focus). It is suggested that if an individual self-categorizes as a group member, resource allocations to one’s group will be based on these mechanisms of self-regulation. Thus, a promotion focus should engender ingroup favoritism during the distribution of positive resources but not during the distribution of negative resources, whereas a prevention focus should engender ingroup favoritism for negative but not for positive resources. The results of two studies support this prediction based on momentary and chronic regulatory focus. The self-regulation approach to ingroup favoritism provides an explanation for social discrimination in the distribution of positive and negative resources.     

Why is p = .90 better than p = .70? Preference for definitive predictions by lay consumers of probability judgements

What do people regard as an informative and valuable probability statement? This article reports four experiments that show participants to have a clear preference for more extreme and higher probabilities over less extreme and lower ones. This pattern emerged in Experiment 1, in which no context was provided, and was further explored in Experiment 2 within a positive and a negative context. The findings were further confirmed in Experiment 3, which employed a Bayesian framework with revisions of opinions. Finally, Experiment 4 showed how preference for high probabilities can lead people to prefer an overconfident to a more well-calibrated (accurate) forecaster. The results are interpreted as manifestations of a search for definitive predictions principle, which asserts that high probabilities are preferred to medium ones and often favored over the corresponding complementary low probabilities on the basis of their capacity to predict the occurrence of single outcomes.     

Paws + cause = pause? Memory load and memory blends in homophone recognition

Previous research has shown that separate information sources, activated closely together in time, can induce errors suggestive of memory blends. In Experiment 1, homophones were used to induce such memory errors. In a study task, participants made relatedness judgments to word pairs that included homophones (e.g., PAWS-BEAR). During this task, one group (study-similar) maintained memory loads with words that were orthographically similar to the presented homophones (e.g., JAWS). Another group (test-similar) maintained memory loads similar to those obtained for the study homophone's alternate spelling (e.g., CAUSE). A third group maintained no memory load during the task. In a surprise recognition test, participants were presented both previously viewed homophones (PAWS) and non-presented alternate spellings (PAUSE). We hypothesized that partially activated alternate spellings, in conjunction with the orthographically similar memory words, would result in the creation of blended memories. The results followed suit: The test-similar condition produced significantly elevated false alarms, relative to both the study-similar and the no-load conditions. Experiment 2 replicated these results while including memory loads to control for potential orthographic confusions. The findings are discussed in terms of multiple, episodic memories later activated as single, blended memories.     

信息=商机

信息灵，百业兴。在变化莫测的市场竞争中及时捕捉信息固然重要，而对得到的信息进行山此及彼、由表及里的提炼从而挖出有用的商机却更为重要。当中央出台了征收增值税的政策后，一位商人便千方百计地向国税局打听增值税的计算方法。这使国税局的司长感到不可思议：你一个...     

教会改良家伊拉斯谟

<正>伊拉斯谟:哲学家、神学家(约1466—1536)16世纪初欧洲人文主义运动主要代表人物。1524年写了《论自由意志》并同马丁·路德通信,批评路德。他知识渊博,忠于教育事业,一生始终追求个人自由和人格尊严,但忽视自然科学。德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟(1466-1536),中世纪尼德兰著名的人文主义者和神学家,北欧的人文主义者,对日耳曼、瑞士、英格兰的宗教改革运动产生了巨大的影响。他出生于鹿特丹,少年时父母双亡,16岁被监护人送往共同生活兄弟会所办的教会学校。在那     

基督徒工商团契,如何才能美?简

2013年12月30日《财经天下》周刊发表了一篇文章,题为《中国的基督徒商人》,打破了基督教在中国社会中的相对边缘之地位.之后,《时代周报》267期又发表了一篇署名为＂沈阳＂的文章,题目则是一个大大的问号：《中国基督徒商人,真有那么美？》,对当今基督徒商人团契提出了一些质疑.本刊接续这个话题,约请一位长期侍奉工商团契的同工对此进行思考,虽是个人观点,但不乏真知灼见.     

不计算=轻松

我不计算,也就是说,对事情我不再精打细算。过去,我习惯计算许多事儿——在任何受邀的晚宴上,我计算吃掉的炸薯条的数量和第二天需要花多少时间在跑步机上才能将其消耗掉;我以朋友公寓的面积和可能的购买价格推算她的薪水,比较我们之间的差距;尤其是当孩子出生后,我计算丈夫说他即将回家帮我,到他漫步走进