论道德挫败对道德态度的影响

道德挫败之根由是个体道德价值与道德行为收获的社会结果之间产生失调,经过外部刺激、主体行为、社会反馈、心理失落这一系列过程而让主体的道德态度产生改变,其结果会导致个体或社会质疑原本积极的道德价值,产生道德冷漠、道德怀疑、道德自利之类的消极道德态度.     

论道德语言在道德思维中的地位和作用

道德语言是道德思维的主要工具,其在道德思维中具有重要作用。一是对道德思维主体、道德思维对象、道德思维过程的作用：对主体而言,它提供了道德思维的动力、意义和标准;对对象而言,具有概括与抽象作用;对过程而言,它使概念得以形成,使判断和推理成为可能,并对道德思维的结果进行表述。二是对个体道德思维形成的作用：记忆贮存道德信息,形成特定心理结构,进行导向和定向。三是在道德劝服、道德态度改变和道德价值澄清中也具有重要作用。     

个体道德的发生与公民道德建设

个体道德的发生 ,是通过道德内化来实现的。道德内化的过程是社会和个体互动的过程。因此 ,在公民道德建设中 ,我们应当把外部道德控制和内部道德控制、道德灌输机制与道德接受机制、先进性要求和广泛性要求有机地结合起来     

社会转型期道德困境的理论表现及其启示意义

道德困境是道德发展的常规现象,这在我国理论界多有表现.如理论界对道德冲突、道德矛盾、道德建设的路径选择以及个体道德的培养等方面展开过深入而激烈的讨论,这对于探索道德发展的规律、推动学科研究的深化乃至促进道德文明建设都具有重要的意义.理论是现实的反映,现实道德困境的形成和解决需要一个长期的过程,道德困境理论的研究可以为解决这一问题提供有益启示.     

个体道德态度与道德行为关系分析

道德态度与道德行为的关系是道德实践中的重要关系。二者在实践中是可逆的双向影响关系,在不同条件下影响方向不同。道德态度影响道德行为是由内而外的一般过程,在实践中面临的是"何以实现"的问题;道德行为影响道德态度是由外而内的特殊过程,依赖于一系列的条件以及个体艰难的自我说服和改变,在实践中面临的是"何以可能"的问题。这两种影响路径性质不同,影响力也不对等,但同为提升个体道德品质的重要路径,在道德建设的实践中要善于根据不同情境和目的创造必要条件,做出恰当的路径选择。     

论道德相对性及其道德实践意义——兼析道德相对主义

道德相对性表现为道德准则规范具有具体性、差异性和不确定性.道德相对性中渗透了道德绝对性即存在普遍的、共同的、不变的道德价值.道德相对主义的错误在于夸大相对性而否定了绝对性.但道德相对主义基于道德相对性的某些主张有一定的合理性.正确理解道德相对性在道德实践中有重要意义.个体道德自主性的提高,既要把握绝对的道德价值观念,同时需要把握道德的相对性以提高具体情境中道德判断和选择能力.     

从道德自律到道德自然

道德需要自律,自律无疑优于他律.但自律仍然带有强制性,只不过是用内在强制取代了他律的外在强制.因此,道德不能以自律为极限,而应当超越自律,即由道德自律走向道德自然.道德自然通过对道德自律的扬弃,否定了道德自律中的内在强制因素,但将道德的本质属性予以存留,且将其自由升华至极致,这就造就了没有任何强制的道德以及道德选择中充分的、完全的个体自由.与道德自律相比较,道德自然具有非强制、无意识、不造作等特征.道德自然是一种最高的道德境界,这种道德境界是在人的原初心理基础上,经过实践、反思与情感升华的长期过程而逐渐生成的.     

道德定力的科学内涵、现实价值与培育路径

道德定力是个体面对不良道德风气和诱惑时,表现出一以贯之、坚定不移的道德认知、道德认同、道德意志和道德行为的能力,包含道德判断力、道德自觉力、道德意志力、道德捍卫力和道德引领力等构成要素,体现社会道德要求向道德主体内心的自觉转化,属于支撑个体道德实践的主体性力量。就其现实价值而言,道德定力表征了个体坚信道德价值、坚守道德要求的内在信念,是个体崇尚道德、维护道德与践行道德的动力之源,有助于推动个体道德由外在规制转向内在自觉、支撑个体道德适应现代社会生存新境遇、筑牢个体道德失范的双重预防屏障以及细化道德建设的目标体系与阐释框架。就其培育路径而言,当下道德定力培育路径主要包括树立理想信念与价值观念以涵养道德定力的思想根基、激发修身自律与公共意识以强化道德定力的内在规约、增强氛围营造和舆论引导以优化道德定力的形成环境、深化制度建设和协同治理以构筑道德定力的监督体系。     

关于道德选择的几个问题

道德选择是人生需要面对的诸多的选择中最基本的选择。在现实生活中,无论是自觉还是不自觉,人们总是用“善恶”、“正义与非正义”、“人道或不人道”等道德概念来评价他人或自己的各种行为,并据此进行道德选择。道德选择不仅是道德行为的开端,而且是道德行为的指南,一般来说有什么样的道德选择,就会有什么样的道德行为,认真研究道德选择中的道德自由、道德责任、道德困境等问题,对于道德主体优秀品质的形成是有促进作用的。     

自我同一性危机与道德选择多元化

自我是一个复杂的概念 ,自我同一性则是依赖于我们经历过的所有不同的自己的综合 ,是对自身发展的一种强烈的一致性和连续性的主观感觉。自我同一性危机是指自我处于自身的矛盾与冲突中 ,反映了自我在过去和现在、彼地和此地的不连续。在现代社会 ,随着个体道德选择的可能性与主动性的增强 ,自我的完善与否对道德选择相应产生了积极与消极的作用。     

道德情绪:探寻道德与创造力关系的新视角

先前有关道德与创造力的关系研究多关注道德的认知与行为差异对创造力产生的影响, 但研究结果却存在较大的分歧。为此, 研究从道德情绪的视角, 对二者的关系进行了系统地梳理, 发现道德情绪存在: 以情绪效价调节创造性认知; 激发道德动机, 中介人格与创造力的关系; 引发自我觉察, 促进顿悟与创造性成就的产生; 提升心理资本, 影响不同创造力特性的表达等, 多种影响个体创造力的路径。这表明, 与道德认知和行为相比, 道德情绪不仅能更加全面准确地体现出个体实际的道德活动、促进符合道德标准的创造力产生; 还为人们解释道德与创造力的关系提供了多样的路径与可能。未来需继续加深对道德情绪及其内在机制的理解、通过系统性地选取创造性任务, 明确道德情绪、道德与创造力之间的关系, 寻找道德培养与创造力激发的新模式。     

和而不同,相辅相成——制度与道德相关性的哲学辨析

在社会发展实践中,制度与道德之间有着相互交叉、相互促进、相互转化的错综复杂的关系。制度的生成、演化、运行背后有着强烈的道德意蕴,道德本身所具有的规范性也不可避免地体现出制度的色彩。制度的道德依托使得制度的价值指向更加积极和明确,道德的制度支持则会促进道德的有效实现和践履。但制度和道德毕竟是各自独立的范畴,有着各自内涵的确定性,不能不适当地淡化两者之间的差别,两者之间是互补而不是替代的关系。     

A cybernetic theory of morality and moral autonomy

Human morality may be thought of as a negative feedback control system in which moral rules are reference values, and moral disapproval, blame, and punishment are forms of negative feedback given for violations of the moral rules. In such a system, if moral agents held each other accountable, moral norms would be enforced effectively. However, even a properly functioning social negative feedback system could not explain acts in which individual agents uphold moral rules in the face of contrary social pressure. Dr. Frances Kelsey, who withheld FDA approval for thalidomide against intense social pressure, is an example of the degree of individual moral autonomy possible in a hostile environment. Such extreme moral autonomy is possible only if there is internal, psychological negative feedback, in addition to external, social feedback. Such a cybernetic model of morality and moral autonomy is consistent with certain aspects of classical ethical theories.     

Common morality: comment on Beauchamp and Childress

The notion of common morality plays a prominent role in some of the most influential theories of biomedical ethics. Here, I focus on Beauchamp and Childress’s models in the fourth and fifth edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics as well as on a revision that Beauchamp proposed in a recent article. Although there are significant differences in these works that require separate analysis, all include a role for common morality as starting point and normative framework for theory construction in combination with a coherence theory of moral justification. I defend to some extent the existence and empirical significance of common morality, as delineated by Beauchamp and Childress in different versions, but criticize its normative role. It is neither convincing as a moral foundation nor well compatible with a standard coherentist justification. I suggest that the authors should give up the foundational account for a more modest account of common morality as resource of well-established moral insights and experiences, which have proved generally valid but neither sufficient nor infallible. Beauchamp’s latest proposal appears as a step in this direction; indeed, it may be the beginning of the end of his common-morality theory.

Washing away your sins will set your mind free: physical cleansing modulates the effect of threatened morality on executive control

The effect of threatened morality on negative emotions and on altruistic behaviour has been shown to diminish following physical cleansing (hand-washing). We hypothesised that threatened morality will broadly impair the executive control system, and that physical cleansing will moderate this detrimental effect. Thirty-seven participants were asked to write about an immoral deed they had committed, whereupon half of them were allowed to wipe their hands. Three executive control tasks—Stroop, stop-signal, and object interference—were then administered to all participants. Participants who had not wiped their hands, but not those who did, demonstrated impaired performance, compared to hand-washing controls, in all three tasks. We conclude that threatened morality has a detrimental effect on executive control, specifically on conflict monitoring and response inhibition, and that physical cleansing “frees” this system, counteracting the detrimental effects of morality threats. We discuss possible implications for obsessive–compulsive disorder, which is characterised by deficient executive control and in which both threatened morality and physical cleansing are central concerns.     

道家道德的普世情怀

Daoism has often been misunderstood as moral nihilism or anti-moralism, but the true Daoism indeed adopts a positive attitude towards morality. At the foundation of its universal sentiment is an affirmation of morality. Daoism takes all things as the starting point of its values in moral philosophy, and ziran 自然 (sponstaneously so) as the foundation of its philosophy with the universal commitment. Daoism hopes to use “Dao to create the best environment for survival, and to fulfill individual responsibility for all things in the world. This is a universal and open attitude towards values. The attraction of Daoist universal sentiment is that it takes ziran as its path, and “objectless desire, “unprincipled knowing, “non-coercive action as ways and means to ensure the transfer of the universal value to all things, while ensuring that they realize their true values and make contributions to the whole society.     

Prosociality and morality through the lens of personality psychology

Prosociality and morality are critical to the functioning and flourishing of society. There is, however, great variation in the degree to which individuals help or hinder one another, or adhere to ethical standards of “rightness.” One way to understand this variation is by drawing on theories and models within personality psychology, which may illuminate the basic individual characteristics that drive a wide range of other-regarding tendencies. In this review, we provide a snapshot of three research strands addressing these themes. The first concerns how personality traits map onto prosocial preferences for fairness and cooperation, as studied using classic social decision-making tasks called economic games. The second concerns the robust associations between personality traits and indicators of inter-group prejudice (e.g., authoritarian ideology). The third concerns the emerging concept of moral exceptionality, and the personality traits that may characterise individuals at the forefront of moral progress. These examples demonstrate the core role that personality psychology is playing in the study of prosocial and moral behaviour, as well as the critical mass emerging in the Australian context around these themes.     

Defense mechanisms and morality: a link between isolation and moralization

The relationship between morality and perceptual defense mechanisms was studied. Three new scales were constructed to measure different aspects of morality: moralism (the tendency to evaluate everything in terms of right and wrong), conscience (strength of feelings of right and wrong) and reparation (inclination to repair the damage one has caused). Perceptual defense mechanisms were measured with Kragh's Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). Three hypotheses about relationships between morality and defense mechanisms, derived from psychoanalytical literature, were tested on 54 male University students. Results show positive correlations between the defense mechanism isolation of affect and moralism, and between identification with the aggressor and reparation. Total amount of perceptual defense correlated positively with moralism. It is argued that the psychological study of morality should take unconscious processes into consideration.     

医科生医德认知度影响因素分析

通过对医务人员和在校医科生的广泛问卷调研,我们发现,医科生还普遍存在着医学伦理学基础知识不牢、过于重视医学专业知识的学习而轻视人文哲学社会科学知识的学习,以及轻视高尚人生观的追求等诸多问题。为此,我们可以采取多种综合性的措施来强化医德教育的有效性,全面提升医学生的医德认知度水平。关键词:医德认知度;医德修养;创新;