社会资本:资本的理性扩展与走向

社会资本理论是20世纪80年代兴起的,是目前社会科学研究中热点的领域之一。而"社会资本"范畴是继物质资本、人力资本、文化资本之后出现的新概念。这一理论的出现,不仅进一步丰富了资本内涵,更让学者们以为找到了试图超越过去理论的解释工具,把它看成是对未来社会发展的新的解释范     

一种新资本

皮埃尔·布尔迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu,1930--2002)通过对法国、日本、美国等发达国家的教育制度的解读,揭示出文化资本在当今社会再生产过程中起着关键作用.他通过对名牌大学与普通大学的区别以及马克斯韦精灵的隐喻,说明学校日益成为当代发达国家社会分层的国家机器;学校是通过授予毕业文凭的隆重典礼,告知世人:文化资本的拥有者从此成为国家贵族并拥有国家承认的合法特权;由于文化资本价值的升温,造成了当今发达国家的高等学校之间的竞争以及青少年之间的激烈竞争.     

我国城市流动人口的贫困心理探析

本文探讨了我国城市流动人口的贫困问题,进而分析了引起城市流动人口贫困的制度因素以及文化与心理因素,并提出了相应的几点建议。     

网络社会的社会资本及其运作

随着网民的数量以几何级增加,网络社会的社会资本问题越来越具有其独特的学术研究价值。本文将通过深入分析网络社会中的社会资本及其分配、获取、维护以及交换等,对网络的社会资本及其运行规律加以揭示,从而构建起网络社会资本的运作模式。     

论人力资本、社会资本和道德资本

人力资本、社会资本、道德资本是当前国际范围内的学术热点问题.但是三者之间并不是各不相干的,而是有着深刻的内在关联.它们的关系主要表现在:人力资本包含了社会资本和道德资本,或者反过来说,没有社会资本和道德资本的人力资本是不完全和不完善的;社会资本从社会角度丰富和深化了人力资本的内涵,而道德资本则从个体角度丰富和深化了人力资本的内涵;人力资本主要适用于经济和管理领域,而社会资本和道德资本不仅适用于经济和管理领域,而且也适用于广泛的社会领域和个人生活领域.     

资本理论的演进与社会资本研究的意义

社会资本(scoialcapital)是20世纪80年代开始特别是90年代兴起的一个国际性学术热点。它是由社会学家率先提出、而后被经济学家、政治学家以及法学家广泛采纳并用来解释和说明各自研究领域问题的综合性概念和研究方法。本文考察了资本理论的发展过程,比较了物质资本、技术资本、人力资本、社会资本不同资本要素的构成和投资方式,阐明了社会资本作为一种跨学科的概念所具有的理论解释意义,同时,在正视社会资本所遭受的理论质疑的基础上,指明了社会资本研究有待于开发和完善的方向,并以中国学术语境为背景,说明了社会资本资本的特殊意义。     

关于学校社会资本的理论思考

本文借鉴“社会资本”概念 ,将学校内部和外部的人际关系网络及其规范、信任机制称为“学校社会资本”。提出“学校社会资本”这一概念 ,旨在从一个新的视角审视学校组织管理的理论与实践 ,以期从理论上系统探讨学校社会资本的特征、积累规律及其与学校发展的关系 ,为处于深刻变革中的学校快速发展提供依据     

企业社会资本的动态演化及其管理策略

企业如果能够有效管理其社会资本,将为其获得竞争优势创造难以复制的关键资源。然而,如何理解企业社会资本随着时间和战略环境而变化,在相关文献中是一项少有回答的研究课题。本文构建了企业中个体社会资本与组织社会资本的动态演化框架,探讨了两者之间的转化机制及其决定因素,并从企业发展阶段的视角提供了企业社会资本的管理策略。     

资本逻辑语境中的"伦理学贫困"及学者使命

资本是现代社会的基础和根据,而资本逻辑则成为现代世界的核心逻辑.由资本逻辑及其霸权统治导致的当代道德困境成为当代伦理学难以消解的生命之痛,由此呈现出其在现实生活面前的"贫困".因此,在检视并创新当代伦理学的过程中,我们不能丧失资本逻辑的审视维度,这特别有赖于学者自觉立足于当代世界的资本性质,担负起探求伦理学知识真理和守护社会道德价值的历史重任.     

社会资本与卫生保健

社会资本概念于 2 0世纪 70年代后期由经济学家洛瑞在资本概念内涵扩展的基础上首次提出。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,社会资本逐渐成为人们关注的热门概念和分析的起点[1] ,对经济增长和社会发展起到了重要的推动作用并提供了科学的理论解释范式。近年来 ,世界银行对社会资本给予了充分的重视并鼓励各个领域引入社会资本理论进行研究。因此 ,阐明与卫生保健相关的社会资本要素 ,探讨社会资本的卫生保健功效对卫生保健工作具有重要的指导意义。1　社会资本理论的界定不同学者针对各自的研究领域和研究对象提出了不同的社会资本概念。国外学者中 ,…     

Neighborhood Poverty, Social Capital, and the Cognitive Development of African American Preschoolers

In this investigation, we examine the impact of the ecological context of the residential neighborhood on the cognitive development of children by considering social processes not only at the family-level but also at the neighborhood-level. In a socioeconomically diverse sample of 200 African American children living in 39 neighborhoods in Baltimore, we found that neighborhood poverty was associated with poorer problem-solving skills over and above the influence of family economic resources and level of positive parent involvement. Sampson has theorized that neighborhood poverty affects child well-being by altering levels of neighborhood social capital as well as family social capital. Although we found that indicators of neighborhood and family social capital were associated with cognitive skills, these factors did not explain the association between neighborhood poverty and problem-solving ability. Implications for future research in the area of neighborhoods and child development are discussed.     

Social Capital, Social Networks, and Political Participation

Social Capital is created through the patterns of interdependence andsocial interaction that occur within a population, and we attempt to understand the participatory consequences of these patterns relative to the effects of human capital and organizational involvement. The production of social capital in personal networks was examined with the use of social network and participation data from the 1992 American study of the Cross National Election Project. The results suggest that politically relevant social capital (that is, social capital that facilitates political engagement) is generated in personal networks, that it is a by-product of the social interactions with a citizen's discussants, and that increasing levels of politically relevant social capital enhance the likelihood that a citizen will be engaged in politics. Further, the production of politically relevant social capital is a function of the political expertise within an individual's network of relations, the frequency of political interaction within the network, and the size or extensiveness of the network. These results are sustained even while taking account of a person's individual characteristics and organizational involvement. Hence, the consequences of social relations within networks are not readily explained away on the basis of either human capital effects or the effects of organizational engagement.     

Religion, Social Capital, and Health

Religion??s association with better physical health has been partially explained by health behaviors, psychosocial variables, and biological factors; but these factors do not fully explain the religion?Chealth connection. In concert with the religion and health literature, a burgeoning literature has linked social capital with salubrious health outcomes. Religious organizations are recognized in the social capital literature as producers and facilitators of social capital. However, few studies have examined the potential mediating role of social capital in the religion?Chealth relationship. Thus data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey were analyzed for 10,828 adults. The composite unstandardized indirect effect from religion to social capital onto health was significant (???=?0.098; p?<?0.001). The unstandardized direct pathway from religion to self-reported health (???=?0.015; p?=?0.336) indicated that social capital is a mediator in the religion?Chealth relationship. Among the demographic variables investigated, only age and income had a significant direct effect on self-reported health.     

Social Network Sites,Individual Social Capital and Happiness

Can online social contacts replace the importance of real-life social connections in our pursuit of happiness? With the growing use of social network sites (SNSs), attention has been increasingly drawn to this topic. Our study empirically examines the effect of SNS use on happiness for different subgroups of young adults. More specifically, we examine whether the effect of SNSs on happiness is moderated by individual social capital, as measured in terms of frequency of social contacts and feelings of loneliness. Using Dutch data from the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel, we provide robust empirical evidence that there is, on average, no relationship between the amount of time spent on SNSs and happiness. However, we find a negative association between the numbers of hours spent on SNS and happiness for SNS users who feel socially disconnected and lonely. The results hold when we control for socio-demographic characteristics, trust, hours spent on other Internet sites and household income. Hence, SNSs are not a substitute for real-life social connections and, at most, complement them.     

Ethnoracial Origins, Social Capital, and Earnings

The purpose of this article is to analyse ethnoracial differences in income attainment, as well as differences in earnings that can be attributed to social capital. The data set is the Ethnic Diversity Survey, a large survey of Canadians conducted by Statistics Canada in 2002. Bivariate and multivariate analyses show that ethnoracial minorities are disadvantaged when compared with the British or whites in general. This disparity remains even after controlling for a host of theoretically relevant variables. The brunt of this disadvantage is experienced by male visible-minority immigrants. Although social capital is shown to exert an independent effect on earnings, its benefit varies by social origins, types of social capital, birth, and gender. Trust is important for females’ earnings but not for males’. Family contact and religious participation benefits British males’ earnings more than those of visible-minority males. Religious participation also benefits those born in Canada more than those who immigrated to Canada. In contrast, female immigrants benefit from their associational participation more than females born in Canada.     

Unemployment, Social Capital, and Subjective Well-Being

It has been shown in past research that unemployment has a large negative impact on subjective well-being of individuals. In this paper, I explore whether and to what extent people with more social capital are sheltered from the harmful effects of unemployment. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984–2004, I find that social capital is an important predictor of well-being levels, but there is no evidence that it moderates the effect of unemployment on well-being. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed, and suggestions for future research given. This paper was written while I was visiting scholar at the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research in Kalamazoo, MI. I am grateful to the Institute for its hospitality, to Andrew Clark, Andrew Oswald and three anonymous referees for valuable comments, and to the German Socio Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, for providing the data.     

Crime, Social Capital, and Community Participation

Social disorganization at the neighborhood and community levels has been consistently linked to various forms of criminal activity. However, a very much smaller body of literature addresses the effects of crime on community organizations. In some studies, crime appears to energize communities while in others, crime leads to withdrawal from community life. Using department of health crime victimization data and interviews with 2,985 low-income inner city residents living in 487 multi-family dwellings, a multi-level model examined the relationships among crime victimization, social organization, and participation in neighborhood organizations. Social organization at the individual and building levels was measured using recent formulations of social capital theory. Findings regarding crime suggested more signs of a chilling effect on participation than of an energizing effect, especially at the building level. Social capital at the building level was more strongly and consistently related to participation in community organizations than was crime.     

社区、社会资本与社区发育

社区发育作为社区发展理论的一个重要组成部分,在社区发展的研究中有着特别重要的意义.在现实社区中,由于对相关问题的忽视等原因,缺少社会资源和社会资本的情况十分普遍,它对于宏观社区的得失和其长期发展的兴衰,都具有不可估量的影响.本文要分析的问题是社区发育的概念是什么,它与社区建设的异同在哪里;社区的社会资本或者说其社会性的内涵是什么;社会资源、社会资本是如何形成和发育成长的;社会资本的创造与社区发育之间的内在联系是什么等.