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1.
Middle Eastern (Omani) and Western (U.S.) students’ beliefs about knowledge and knowing in the sciences were compared on four
dimensions of personal epistemology proposed by Hofer and Pintrich (Review of Educational Research (1997), 67, 88–140). As predicted, given their experiences with comparatively traditional political and religious institutions, Omani
more so than U.S. college students were more likely to accept scientific authorities as the basis of scientific truth. Furthermore,
Omani men were more accepting of authorities than were Omani women, but there was no gender difference among U.S. students.
Omani more than U.S. students also believed that knowledge in the sciences was simpler and more certain, which is consistent
with comparisons between U.S. and Asian students (e.g., Qian & Pan, 2002, A comparision of epistemological beliefs and learning
from science text between American and Chinese high school students. In B. K. Hofer & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Personal epistomology: The psychology of beliefs about knowledge and knowing (pp. 365–385), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum). Students in the two countries did not differ, however, in whether their beliefs were
based on personal opinions versus systematic evidence. Suggestions for further research included directly assessing experiences
with, and attitudes toward, authorities in academic and other areas of students’ lives. 相似文献
2.
Hiromi Tsuji 《Psychological studies》2011,56(2):167-175
This longitudinal study examined the early development of mentalizing ability in 33 Japanese children, who were between 33
and 39 months old. Their mentalizing ability was assessed using the following tasks: 1) gaze-direction, 2) point-direction,
3) desire-emotion, 4) emotion-situation, and 5) divergent beliefs, at two time-points with a 6-month interval. The children’s
performance improved significantly over 6 months for all tasks except divergent beliefs. Although an increasing proportion
of the children achieved the criterion for the divergent beliefs task, only two thirds met this criterion at Time 2. The children’s
performances did not differ from their western counterparts as reported in previous studies. The mentalizing abilities, except
for the emotion-situation task measured at Time 1, correlated significantly with one another and predicted the emotion-situation
task performance at Time 2. The findings on the development of mentalizing ability in Japanese children are discussed in light
of cross-cultural perspectives. 相似文献
3.
Value-oriented instructional programs, such as anti-racism, may often face societal barriers. A case in point are peace education
programs in conflictual contexts. Close analysis of peace education programs in regions of conflict and tension suggest that
they face formidable barriers that would appear to prevent the attainment of their goals of mutual legitimization, changed
attitudes and empathy. However, positive research findings suggest otherwise. A possible solution of this contradiction is
the distinction between strongly held and not easily changeable attitudes and beliefs, called “convictions” (Abelson, American Psychologist 43: 267–275 1988) and more regular attitudes. Possibly, the barriers facing peace education may pertain to convictions while
the positive impact of peace education may pertain to less strongly held attitudes and beliefs. The present study examined
the possible differential changes in more or less central beliefs when Israeli Jewish and Israeli Palestinian youth participated
in a year long, school-based peace education program. This study also examined the durability of the program’s effects on
the 956 adolescent study participants divided into program and no-program controls. Findings showed that such a peace education
program can effectively influence adolescents’ more peripheral beliefs but not the core beliefs that stand in the center of
the groups’ collective narratives. However, peripheral beliefs that are more easily affected can as easily change back, apparently
by the context of adverse social and political forces. 相似文献
4.
Steven L. Reynolds 《Erkenntnis》2011,75(1):19-35
Control of our own beliefs is allegedly required for the truth of epistemic evaluations, such as “S ought to believe that p”, or “S ought to suspend judgment (and so refrain from any belief) whether p”. However, we cannot usually believe or refrain from believing at will. I agree with a number of recent authors in thinking
that this apparent conflict is to be resolved by distinguishing reasons for believing that give evidence that p from reasons
that make it desirable to believe that p whether or not p is true. I argue however that there is a different problem, one that becomes clearer in light of this solution to the first
problem. Someone’s approval of our beliefs is at least often a non-evidential reason to believe, and as such cannot change
our beliefs. Ought judgments aim to change the world. But ‘ought to believe’ judgments can’t do that by changing the belief,
if they don’t give evidence. So I argue that we should instead regard epistemic ought judgments as aimed mainly at influencing
assertions that express the belief and other actions based on the belief, in accord with recent philosophical claims that
we have epistemic norms for assertion and action. 相似文献
5.
This qualitative study explored ecosystemic influences on therapists’ responses to partner abuse. Research questions focus
on aspects of personal and professional development of attitudes and belief systems surrounding partner abuse. In-depth interviews
with seven therapy trainees indicate that family of origin experiences, clinical experiences, and therapist developmental
processes affect values, beliefs, and clinical reactivity to cases involving partner abuse. Implications for therapists’ self-work,
clinical training, and the process of supervision are addressed. 相似文献
6.
Philip Schwadel 《Review of religious research》2011,53(2):161-182
I challenge the scholarly contention that increases in education uniformly lead to declines in religious participation, belief,
and affiliation. I argue that education influences strategies of action, and these strategies of action are relevant to some
religious beliefs and activities but not others. Analysis of survey data shows that (1) education negatively affects exclusivist
religious viewpoints and biblical literalism but not belief in God or the afterlife; (2) education positively affects religious
participation, devotional activities, and emphasizing the importance of religion in daily life; (3) education positively affects
switching religious affiliations, particularly to a mainline Protestant denomination, but not disaffiliation; (4) education
is positively associated with questioning the role of religion in secular society but not with support for curbing the public
opinions of religious leaders; and (5) the effects of education on religious beliefs and participation vary across religious
traditions. Education does influence Americans’ religious beliefs and activities, but the effects of education on religion
are complex. 相似文献
7.
Goodie JL Williams PM Kurzweil D Marcellas KB 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(4):353-360
Medical school curricula often provide insufficient time and instruction for health behavior change counseling. We examined
the feasibility of blending classroom and distributed learning experiences to teach medical students how to initiate health
behavior change counseling and analyzed the impact of this approach on their attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Usage patterns
and pre- to post-class attitude and knowledge changes were assessed with self-report questions among 153 third year family
medicine clerkship students. Most students viewed at least 90% of the online written content and took an average of 41 min
(SD = 24 min 35 s) to view all of the content. Students’ confidence in their ability to help patients change unhealthy behaviors
significantly improved (p < .01). The blended learning curriculum facilitated learning of behavior change skills, encouraged interaction with course
materials, and improved medical students’ self confidence for using health behavior change skills. 相似文献
8.
In previous research (Baeyens, Vansteenwegen et al., 1996) we demonstrated that when observers consume a series of CS+ and CS−flavored drinks while simultaneously watching
a videotaped model who synchronically drinks identical drinks and facially expresses his evaluation (dislike to CS+, neutral
to CS−) of the liquids, the observers acquire a dislike for CS+ flavored relative to CS−flavored drinks. The aim of the present
experiments was to test some predictions derived from a “direct conditioning” theory of such observational flavor learning.
Using the same observational flavor conditioning procedure, we investigated (Exp. 1) the effect of manipulating the observers’
belief concerning the relationship between the drinks that they and the model were consuming (same/different/no information).
Observational flavor conditioning was obtained when observers were led to believe that they were drinking the same drinks
as the model did, and when they were not informed about this relationship, but not when told to be drinking different drinks.
At the same time, however, the observers were not able to correctly identify the source of the model’s expression of dislike:
They showed no CS-US contingency-awareness. Whereas the former finding suggests the causal involvement of conscious beliefs
and cognitive inference processes in observational learning, the latter is more in line with the idea that the model’s facial
expressions may act like a US’ which is automatically associated with the paired flavor CS+, without any involvement of conscious
beliefs or cognitive inferences. These two crucial findings were replicated in Exp. 2. Also, we obtained evidence in this
study that the belief manipulation affected learning through its influence on the observers’ attention for the model’s facial
evaluative expressions. These results can be integrated either by a cognitive theory allowing the beliefs on which the inferences
are based to be of an implicit nature, or by a “direct conditioning” theory that conceives of the US’ as an interpreted event,
rather than as a mechanistically and invariantly acting physical entity. 相似文献
9.
Frank Baeyens Paul Eelen Geert Crombez Jan De Houwer 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(2):183-203
In previous research (Baeyens, Vansteenwegen et al., 1996) we demonstrated that when observers consume a series of CS+ and CS−flavored drinks while simultaneously watching
a videotaped model who synchronically drinks identical drinks and facially expresses his evaluation (dislike to CS+, neutral
to CS−) of the liquids, the observers acquire a dislike for CS+ flavored relative to CS−flavored drinks. The aim of the present
experiments was to test some predictions derived from a “direct conditioning” theory of such observational flavor learning.
Using the same observational flavor conditioning procedure, we investigated (Exp. 1) the effect of manipulating the observers’
belief concerning the relationship between the drinks that they and the model were consuming (same/different/no information).
Observational flavor conditioning was obtained when observers were led to believe that they were drinking the same drinks
as the model did, and when they were not informed about this relationship, but not when told to be drinking different drinks.
At the same time, however, the observers were not able to correctly identify the source of the model’s expression of dislike:
They showed no CS-US contingency-awareness. Whereas the former finding suggests the causal involvement of conscious beliefs
and cognitive inference processes in observational learning, the latter is more in line with the idea that the model’s facial
expressions may act like a US’ which is automatically associated with the paired flavor CS+, without any involvement of conscious
beliefs or cognitive inferences. These two crucial findings were replicated in Exp. 2. Also, we obtained evidence in this
study that the belief manipulation affected learning through its influence on the observers’ attention for the model’s facial
evaluative expressions. These results can be integrated either by a cognitive theory allowing the beliefs on which the inferences
are based to be of an implicit nature, or by a “direct conditioning” theory that conceives of the US’ as an interpreted event,
rather than as a mechanistically and invariantly acting physical entity. 相似文献
10.
Andrés Perea 《Synthese》2007,158(2):251-271
Within a formal epistemic model for simultaneous-move games, we present the following conditions: (1) belief in the opponents’ rationality (BOR), stating that a player believes that every opponent chooses an optimal strategy, (2) self-referential beliefs (SRB), stating that a player believes that his opponents hold correct beliefs about his own beliefs, (3) projective beliefs (PB), stating that i believes that j’s belief about k’s choice is the same as i’s belief about k’s choice, and (4) conditionally independent beliefs (CIB), stating that a player believes that opponents’ types choose their strategies independently. We show that, if a player
satisfies BOR, SRB and CIB, and believes that every opponent satisfies BOR, SRB, PB and CIB, then he will choose a Nash strategy
(that is, a strategy that is optimal in some Nash equilibrium). We thus provide a sufficient collection of one-person conditions
for Nash strategy choice. We also show that none of these seven conditions can be dropped. 相似文献
11.
Ralph Sundberg 《Military psychology》2013,25(5):370-380
A Swedish contingent to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF; N = approx. 320) was studied before and after deployment to Afghanistan to assess if the mission and experiences on it affected attitudes toward violence. Attitudes toward war violence and penal violence were assessed across t = 1 and t = 2, as were the effects of combat exposure on change and stability in attitudes. It was hypothesized that the attitudes would remain stable across the deployment due to their importance to the soldierly identity, but that experiences of combat exposure would cause an increase in the propensity toward change. Results demonstrate that attitudes did not change between the pre- and postdeployment stages. Unexpectedly, increasing levels of combat exposure did not predict higher rates of change, but rather increased stability in attitudes toward violence. The results demonstrate that in terms of the willingness to use force, peacekeeping deployments do not have detrimental effects on soldiers. 相似文献
12.
Marci R. Culley Adam D. Carton Scott R. Weaver Emma Ogley-Oliver Jalika C. Street 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(3):215-233
Current energy debates are often framed in terms of the extent to which energy sources may mitigate global climate change
(GCC) and facilitate energy independence (EI). However, little is understood about whether and how attitudes towards GCC and
EI influence attitudes toward energy sources. Our study included 277 undergraduate students enrolled in introductory psychology
classes at a large, Southeastern university. As hypothesized, results from ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses
revealed that the likelihood participants would support the use of solar, wind, coal or nuclear energy decreased as a function
of their belief that an energy source contributed to GCC. The belief that an energy source contributed to EI increased participants’
likelihood of support. Results suggest that beliefs about GCC and EI are important to determining support for energy sources
and will likely contribute to effective marketing strategies and efforts to implement more environmentally-sustainable behavior
and energy policy. 相似文献
13.
Jeffrey Rudski 《Current Psychology》2001,20(1):68-84
The effects of reinforcement schedule and competition on generating superstitious behaviors and beliefs were examined in 72
people. Superstition was induced by having participants respond to turn on a tone under a concurrent 2—lever Variable Interval
(VI) Extinction (EXT) schedule. During the session, stimulus lights would occasionally be illuminated, although they did not
signal any change in contingency. Attributing importance to the inactive lever, a pattern of switching between levers, or
to the illumination of the lights were considered to be superstitious beliefs. Participants were either run alone or in pairs,
and manipulation of the reinforcement schedule resulted in groups which were matched in probability of reinforcement, as well
as in groups which were mismatched. Reinforcement schedule (VI 30” versus VI 60”) and competitive situation did not affect
degree of superstitious belief, except when people were placed in a “winning” condition. However, Superstition was associated
with participants’ belief in improved future performance and with participants’ perceived skill relative to their opponents.
Results are discussed in terms of relationships between superstition, the illusion of control, and self-efficacy. Differences
between experimentally-induced and commonly held superstitions are also discussed. 相似文献
14.
Jeffrey Rudski 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(1):68-84
The effects of reinforcement schedule and competition on generating superstitious behaviors and beliefs were examined in 72
people. Superstition was induced by having participants respond to turn on a tone under a concurrent 2—lever Variable Interval
(VI) Extinction (EXT) schedule. During the session, stimulus lights would occasionally be illuminated, although they did not
signal any change in contingency. Attributing importance to the inactive lever, a pattern of switching between levers, or
to the illumination of the lights were considered to be superstitious beliefs. Participants were either run alone or in pairs,
and manipulation of the reinforcement schedule resulted in groups which were matched in probability of reinforcement, as well
as in groups which were mismatched. Reinforcement schedule (VI 30” versus VI 60”) and competitive situation did not affect
degree of superstitious belief, except when people were placed in a “winning” condition. However, Superstition was associated
with participants’ belief in improved future performance and with participants’ perceived skill relative to their opponents.
Results are discussed in terms of relationships between superstition, the illusion of control, and self-efficacy. Differences
between experimentally-induced and commonly held superstitions are also discussed. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the attitudes and orientations of Hispanic business students regarding ethical
and unethical actions as well as what rewards or punishments are considered appropriate for specific scenarios. A survey was
developed using a 2 × 2 randomized experimental design to measure students’ ethical orientations and 38 items were developed
to measure students’ attitudes regarding factors that can influence the decision to cheat or not to cheat. The results suggest
that Hispanic business students are predominantly concerned with the ethical dimension of an act relative to the outcome of
the act. Also, contrary to previous studies findings, some Hispanic business students are likely to cheat on any type of graded
work based on the reason for cheating rather than the type of graded work. The paper utilizes an established framework for
measuring ethical attitudes and orientations. The study offers a preliminary inductive path towards a more in depth understanding
of Hispanic business students which is a rapidly growing population segment whose influence will become more widespread in
the coming decades. Some of the findings are not consistent with previous research that examined student bodies as a whole.
This might suggest that student ethics researchers may be missing valuable information regarding differences between student
body segments that can further inform our understanding of students’ ethical views. Further, this insight may provide an avenue
for a more effective approach to guiding the ethical development of students. 相似文献
16.
Christopher J. Armitage 《European journal of social psychology》2003,33(4):551-563
Attitudinal ambivalence extends the traditional unidimensional conceptualization of attitude by acknowledging that people can simultaneously evaluate attitude objects as positive and negative. The present paper argues that this bidimensional view of attitudes may be extended further to take account of multidimensional influences on attitudes using measures of belief homogeneity. Study 1 (n = 155) showed that attitudes based on homogeneous belief‐sets were significantly more predictive of subsequent behaviour (β = 0.47, p<0.01) than were attitudes based on heterogeneous belief‐sets (β = 0.08, ns). Study 2 (n = 136) manipulated belief homogeneity and found that when beliefs were made heterogeneous, attitudes based on heterogeneous belief‐sets were significantly less predictive of behavioural intentions (β = 0.46, p < 0.01) than attitudes based on homogeneous belief‐sets (β = 0.84, p < 0.01). Implications for research on attitudinal ambivalence and attribute importance are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that belief in a genetic aetiology of schizophrenia will increase the stigma
associated with the disorder. Levels of five potentially stigmatising attitudes were compared in two groups of participants
who had read a vignette describing an individual who has schizophrenia. In one group the disorder was explained as being caused
by ‘genetic’ factors, and in the other by ‘environmental’ factors. This study found that three of the five potentially stigmatising
attitudes measured were increased when participants read a vignette with a genetic causation rather than an environmental
causation. Firstly, genetic attributions increased levels of associative stigma towards close relatives (p < 0.001). Secondly, participants viewed recovery as less likely when genetic factors were implicated as causative (p < 0.001). Finally, there was also an increased perception of the character’s “dangerousness” when the condition was explained
by genetic factors (p < 0.05). Contrary to previous research was the finding that perceived aetiology had no effect on participant’s desire for
social distance from an affected individual. Neither did perceived aetiology influence beliefs about moral accountability.
The implications of these findings suggest that genetic counsellors and other health professionals, who are providing genetic
information to those affected by schizophrenia should be aware of the possibility that a genetic explanation of schizophrenia
could increase potentially stigmatising attitudes towards their clients and their clients’ families. It is also possible that
individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may themselves form deterministic interpretations of the genetic information
they receive and subsequently be less likely to adopt behavioural advice or adhere to treatment. Counsellors and health professionals
should strive to present information in a balanced manner, ensuring recipients understand the multi-factorial causes of the
disease. 相似文献
18.
We model three examples of beliefs that agents may have about other agents’ beliefs, and provide motivation for this conceptualization
from the theory of mind literature. We assume a modal logical framework for modelling degrees of belief by partially ordered
preference relations. In this setting, we describe that agents believe that other agents do not distinguish among their beliefs
(‘no preferences’), that agents believe that the beliefs of other agents are in part as their own (‘my preferences’), and
the special case that agents believe that the beliefs of other agents are exactly as their own (‘preference refinement’).
This multi-agent belief interaction is frame characterizable. We provide examples for introspective agents. We investigate
which of these forms of belief interaction are preserved under three common forms of belief revision. 相似文献
19.
Aaron Rizzieri 《Philosophical Studies》2011,153(2):235-242
Timothy Williamson has argued that a person S’s total evidence is constituted solely by propositions that S knows. This theory of evidence entails that a false belief can not be a part of S’s evidence base for a conclusion. I argue by counterexample that this thesis (E = K for now) forces an implausible separation
between what it means for a belief to be justified and rational from one’s perspective and what it means to base one’s beliefs
on the evidence. Furthermore, I argue that E = K entails the implausible result that there are cases in which a well-evidenced
belief necessarily can not serve as evidence for a further proposition. 相似文献
20.
Brad Armendt 《Philosophical Studies》2010,147(1):71-87
The idea that beliefs may be stake-sensitive is explored. This is the idea that the strength with which a single, persistent belief is held may vary and depend upon what
the believer takes to be at stake. The stakes in question are tied to the truth of the belief—not, as in Pascal’s wager and
other cases, to the belief’s presence. Categorical beliefs and degrees of belief are considered; both kinds of account typically
exclude the idea and treat belief as stake-invariant, though an exception is briefly described. The role of the assumption of stake-invariance in familiar accounts of degrees
of belief is also discussed, and morals are drawn concerning finite and countable Dutch book arguments. 相似文献