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1.
When participants are asked to recall lists of items in the reverse order, known as backward recall, several benchmark memory phenomena, such as the word length effect, are abolished (Bireta et al. Memory & Cognition 38:279–291,
2010). Bireta et al. (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) suggested that in backward recall, reliance on order retention is increased at the expense of item retention, leading to
the abolition of item-based phenomena. In a subsequent study, however, Guérard and Saint-Aubin (in press) showed that four lexical factors known to modulate item retention were unaffected by recall direction. In a series of five
experiments, we examined the source of the discrepancy between the two studies. We revisited the effects of phonological similarity,
word length, articulatory suppression, and irrelevant speech, using open and closed pools of words in backward and forward
recall. The results are unequivocal in showing that none of these effects are influenced by recall direction, suggesting that
Bireta et al.’s (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) results are the consequence of their particular stimuli. 相似文献
2.
Phenomena in a variety of verbal tasks—for example, masked priming, lexical decision, and word naming—are typically explained
in terms of similarity between word-forms. Despite the apparent commonalities between these sets of phenomena, the representations
and similarity measures used to account for them are not often related. To show how this gap might be bridged, we build on
the work of Hannagan, Dupoux, and Christophe, Cognitive Science 35:79-118, (2011) to explore several methods of representing visual word-forms using holographic reduced representations and to evaluate them
on their ability to account for a wide range of effects in masked form priming, as well as data from lexical decision and
word naming. A representation that assumes that word-internal letter groups are encoded relative to word-terminal letter groups
is found to predict qualitative patterns in masked priming, as well as lexical decision and naming latencies. We then show
how this representation can be integrated with the BEAGLE model of lexical semantics (Jones & Mewhort, Psychological Review 114:1–37, 2007) to enable the model to encompass a wider range of verbal tasks. 相似文献
3.
The identical elements (IE) model (Rickard, Healy, & Bourne, Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32:734–748, 1994) of fact representation predicts that, in both verbal and numerical domains, performance gains with retrieval practice on
multielement items will be specific to the practiced stimulus–response combinations, failing to transfer even to altered stimulus–response
mappings of practiced items. In the case of arithmetic, the model predicts no transfer across either complementary operations
(e.g., 4 × 7 to 28 / 4) or complementary division or subtraction problems (e.g., 28 / 4 to 28 / 7). Although that model has
successfully described transfer effects in the domains of multiplication–division and episodic cued recall, it is challenged
by a recent demonstration of positive cross-operation transfer for addition and subtraction (Campbell & Agnew, Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review 16:938–944, 2009). We report results of a new addition–subtraction transfer experiment, the design of which closely matched that of a prior
multiplication–division experiment that supported the model. The transfer results were consistent with the IE model. A two-component
model of memory retrieval practice effects is proposed to account for the discrepant experimental results for addition and
subtraction and to guide future work. 相似文献
4.
Are two heuristics better than one? The fluency and distinctiveness heuristics in recognition memory
Four experiments were conducted to test the impact of having multiple heuristics (distinctiveness and fluency) available during
a recognition test. Recent work by Gallo, Perlmutter, Moore, and Schacter (Memory & Cognition 36:461–466, 2008) suggested that fluency effects are reduced when the distinctiveness heuristic can be applied to a recognition decision.
In Experiment 1, we used a response reversal paradigm (Van Zandt & Maldonado-Molina Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 30:1147–1166, 2004) to demonstrate that participants transitioned from an early response strategy that was largely reliant on fluency to a later
strategy in which the influences of fluency and distinctiveness were both observable. Experiments 2a, 2b, and 3 showed no
evidence for reduction of the fluency heuristic after picture study when the test required a delayed response (Exp. 2a), confidence
ratings (Exp. 2b), or the application of conceptual fluency (Exp. 3). The results are consistent with models of memory that
assume that familiarity and recollection influence individual memory decisions Wixted (Psychological Review, 114:152–176,
2007). 相似文献
5.
We used eye movement measures of first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) paragraph reading to investigate whether the
degree of current L2 exposure modulates the relative size of L1 and L2 frequency effects (FEs). The results showed that bilinguals
displayed larger L2 than L1 FEs during both early- and late-stage eye movement measures, which are taken to reflect initial
lexical access and postlexical access, respectively. Moreover, the magnitude of L2 FEs was inversely related to current L2
exposure, such that lower levels of L2 exposure led to larger L2 FEs. In contrast, during early-stage reading measures, bilinguals
with higher levels of current L2 exposure showed larger L1 FEs than did bilinguals with lower levels of L2 exposure, suggesting
that increased L2 experience modifies the earliest stages of L1 lexical access. Taken together, the findings are consistent
with implicit learning accounts (e.g., Monsell, 1991), the weaker links hypothesis (Gollan, Montoya, Cera, Sandoval, Journal of Memory and Language, 58:787–814, 2008), and current bilingual visual word recognition models (e.g., the bilingual interactive activation model plus [BIA+]; Dijkstra
& van Heuven, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5:175–197, 2002). Thus, amount of current L2 exposure is a key determinant of FEs and, thus, lexical activation, in both the L1 and L2. 相似文献
6.
The present study focuses on the interplay between the linguistic principles and the psycholinguistic processes involved in
reading. Results from 56 participants on a letter detection task reveal that readers do not process all function words in
the same manner. Omission rates were highest for function words occupying the head of maximal projections such as complementizers
and determiners. Prepositions were shown to occupy an intermediary position between content and function words, with omission
rates varying depending on their semantic load. Together these results appear to bolster and offer a finer grained picture
of the role of function words within the framework of both the Guidance Organization (Greenberg et al. in Psychon Bull Rev
11(3):428–433, 2004) and Attentional Disengagement (Roy-Charland et al. in Percept Psychophys 69(3):324–337, 2007) reading models. The results of the present study are discussed using an X-bar theory approach with the goal of refining
the structural account of letter detection errors. 相似文献
7.
8.
Many current computational models of object categorization either include no explicit provisions for dealing with incomplete
stimulus information (e.g. Kruschke, Psychological Review 99:22–44, 1992) or take approaches that are at odds with evidence from other fields (e.g. Verguts, Ameel, & Storms, Memory & Cognition
32:379–389, 2004). In two experiments centered around the inverse base-rate effect, we demonstrate that people not only make highly informed
inferences about the values of unknown features, but also subsequently use the inferred values to come to a categorization
decision. The inferences appear to be based on immediately available information about the particular stimulus under consideration,
as well as on higher-level inferences about the stimulus class as a whole. Implications for future modeling efforts are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Using a metric shortcut paradigm, we have found that like honeybees (Dyer in Animal Behaviour 41:239–246, 1991), humans do not seem to build a metric “cognitive map” from path integration. Instead, observers take novel shortcuts based
on visual landmarks whenever they are available and reliable (Foo, Warren, Duchon, & Tarr in Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning
Memory and Cognition 31(2):195–215, 2005). In the present experiment we examine whether humans, like ants (Wolf & Wehner in Journal of Experimental Biology 203:857–868,
2000), first use survey-type path knowledge, built up from path integration, and then subsequently shift to reliance on landmarks.
In our study participants walked in an immersive virtual environment while head position and orientation were recorded. During
training, participants learned two legs of a triangle with feedback: paths from Home to Red and Home to Blue. A configuration
of colored posts surrounded the Red location. To test reliance on landmarks, these posts were covertly translated, rotated,
or left unchanged during six probe trials. These probe trials were interspersed during the training procedure to measure changes
over learning. Dependence on visual landmarks was immediate and sustained during training, and no significant learning effects
were observed other than a decrease in hesitation time. Our results suggest that while humans have at least two distinct navigational
strategies available to them, unlike ants, a computationally-simpler landmark strategy dominates during novel shortcut navigation. 相似文献
10.
Naming a picture is slower while ignoring a semantically related versus an unrelated distractor word (semantic picture–word
interference, or PWI). To locate the PWI effect in the word production processing stream (during perceptual encoding, response
selection, or afterward), we used the psychological refractory period paradigm, in which participants identified a tone and
then, at varying SOAs, named a picture while ignoring a semantically related or unrelated word (following Dell’Acqua, Job,
Peressotti, & Pascali, 2007). As in results from the Stroop paradigm (Fagot & Pashler, 1992), we found equivalent PWI effects at short and long SOAs following tone identification in two experiments, indicating that
semantic competition occurs at response selection or later. Our results suggest that it is premature to assume that competitive
selection occurs at multiple levels in the word production system (van Maanen, van Rijn, & Borst, 2009) or that the Stroop and semantic PWI effects are fundamentally different (Dell’Acqua et al., 2007). 相似文献
11.
Although word co-occurrences within a document have been demonstrated to be semantically useful, word interactions over a
local range have been largely neglected by psychologists due to practical challenges. Shannon’s (Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–665, 1948) conceptualization of information theory suggests that these interactions should be useful for understanding communication.
Computational advances make an examination of local word–word interactions possible for a large text corpus. We used Brants
and Franz’s (2006) dataset to generate conditional probabilities for 62,474 word pairs and entropy calculations for 9,917 words in Nelson,
McEvoy, and Schreiber’s (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402–407, 2004) free association norms. Semantic associativity correlated moderately with the probabilities and was stronger when the two
words were not adjacent. The number of semantic associates for a word and the entropy of a word were also correlated. Finally,
language entropy decreases from 11 bits for single words to 6 bits per word for four-word sequences. The probabilities and
entropies discussed here are included in the supplemental materials for the article. 相似文献
12.
This study compares four methodologies used to examine online sentence processing during reading. Specifically, self-paced,
non-cumulative, moving-window reading (Just et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 111:228–238, 1982), eye tracking (see e.g., Rayner in Q J Exp Psychol 62:1457–1506, 2009), and two versions of the maze task (Forster et al. in Behav Res Methods 41:163–171, 2009)—the lexicality maze and the grammaticality maze—were used to investigate the processing of sentences containing temporary
structural ambiguities. Of particular interest were (i) whether each task was capable of revealing processing differences
on these sentences and (ii) whether these effects were indicated precisely at the predicted word/region. Although there was
considerable overlap in the general pattern of results from the four tasks, there were also clear differences among them in
terms of the strength and timing of the observed effects. In particular, excepting sentences that tap into clause-closure
commitments, both maze task versions provided robust, “localized” indications of incremental sentence processing difficulty
relative to self-paced reading and eye tracking. 相似文献
13.
Previous work examining prosodic cues in online spoken-word recognition has focused primarily on local cues to word identity.
However, recent studies have suggested that utterance-level prosodic patterns can also influence the interpretation of subsequent
sequences of lexically ambiguous syllables (Dilley, Mattys, & Vinke, Journal of Memory and Language, 63:274–294, 2010; Dilley & McAuley, Journal of Memory and Language, 59:294–311, 2008). To test the hypothesis that these distal prosody effects are based on expectations about the organization of upcoming material,
we conducted a visual-world experiment. We examined fixations to competing alternatives such as pan and panda upon hearing the target word panda in utterances in which the acoustic properties of the preceding sentence material had been manipulated. The proportions of
fixations to the monosyllabic competitor were higher beginning 200 ms after target word onset when the preceding prosody supported
a prosodic constituent boundary following pan-, rather than following panda. These findings support the hypothesis that expectations based on perceived prosodic patterns in the distal context influence
lexical segmentation and word recognition. 相似文献
14.
H. Sauzéon C. Raboutet J. Rodrigues S. Langevin M. A. Schelstraete P. Feyereisen M. Hupet B. N’Kaoua 《Journal of Adult Development》2011,18(3):144-154
The aim of this study was to determine whether verbal knowledge can compensate for the age-related decline in word production
during a fluency test. We assessed the performance of 20 young and 20 old subjects in standard letter and semantic fluency
tasks over time (T1: 0–30 s vs. T2: 31–60 s). The number of words produced, switching, and clustering components (Troyer et
al. Neuropsychology, 11(1): 138–146, 1997) were investigated. Correlations between age and cognitive factors (processing speed, executive functions, and vocabulary
level) were analyzed. The results revealed a knowledge compensation mechanism in elderly subjects, but only in letter fluency
productions. It only occurred during the second period and was related to an increase in the clustering component and a positive
correlation between age and vocabulary level. The differences between letter and semantic fluency performances are discussed
in terms of the nature of the non-semantic and semantic components involved in these tasks. 相似文献
15.
W. Martin Davies 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(1):13-42
This paper outlines new work in cross-cultural psychology largely drawn from Nisbett, Choi, and Smith (Cognition, 65, 15–32, 1997); Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, Psychological Review, 108(2), 291–310, 2001; Nisbett, The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently...and Why. New York: Free Press 2003), Ji, Zhang and Nisbett (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 57–65, 2004), Norenzayan (2000) and Peng (Naive Dialecticism and its Effects on Reasoning and Judgement about Contradiction. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1997) Peng and Nisbett (Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in the Understanding of Physical Causality. Paper presented at the Science and Culture: Proceedings of the Seventh Interdisciplinary Conference on Science and Culture,
Frankfort, K. Y. 1996), and Peng, Ames, & Knowles (Culture and Human Inference: Perspectives from three traditions. In: D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 1–2). Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000). The paper argues that the findings on cultural influences on inference-making have implications for teaching and education
generally, and specifically for the debate on conceptions and misconceptions of Asian students studying in western tertiary
institutions around the world. The position defended is that, while there seems to be compelling empirical evidence for intercultural
differences in thought patterns, these patterns are, for the most part, insignificant in everyday exchanges, though language
and culture might subtlety modulate our inference-making at the margins. Linguistic determinism however is not defended. Nonetheless,
the evidence provides food for thought, and it needs to inform the recent debates about international students studying overseas.
相似文献
W. Martin DaviesEmail: |
16.
Elliott EM Cherry KE Brown JS Smitherman EA Jazwinski SM Yu Q Volaufova J 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(8):1423-1434
In the present study, we examined adult age differences in short-term and working memory performance in middle-aged (45–64 years),
young–old (65–74 years), old–old (75–89 years), and oldest–old adults (90 years and over) in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study.
Previous research suggests that measures of working memory are more sensitive to age effects than are simple tests of short-term
memory Bopp and Verhaeghen (Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 60:223–233, 2005), Myerson, Emery, White, and Hale, (Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 10:20–27, 2003). To test this hypothesis, we examined output serial position curves of recall data from three span tasks: forward and backward
digit span and size judgment span. Participants’ recall patterns in the size judgment span task revealed that the two oldest
groups of adults showed the largest decreases in recall performance across output serial positions, but did not differ significantly
from each other. Correlation analyses indicated the strongest negative correlation with age occurred with the size judgment
span task. Implications of these findings for understanding strategic processing abilities in late life are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Several theorists have proposed that distinctions are needed between different positive emotional states, and that these discriminations
may be particularly useful in the domain of vocal signals (Ekman, 1992b, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200; Scherer, 1986, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 143–165). We report an investigation into the hypothesis that positive basic emotions have distinct vocal expressions (Ekman,
1992b, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200). Non-verbal vocalisations are used that map onto five putative positive emotions: Achievement/Triumph, Amusement,
Contentment, Sensual Pleasure, and Relief. Data from categorisation and rating tasks indicate that each vocal expression is
accurately categorised and consistently rated as expressing the intended emotion. This pattern is replicated across two language
groups. These data, we conclude, provide evidence for the existence of robustly recognisable expressions of distinct positive
emotions. 相似文献
18.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting subscores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional
item response theory (MIRT) models (e.g., Reckase in Appl. Psychol. Meas. 21:25–36, 1997; C.R. Rao and S. Sinharay (Eds), Handbook of Statistics, vol. 26, pp. 607–642, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2007; Beguin & Glas in Psychometrika, 66:471–488, 2001). A MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton–Raphson algorithm (Haberman in The Analysis of Frequency Data, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974; Sociol. Methodol. 18:193–211, 1988) with adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee in ETS Research Rep. No. RR-08-45, ETS, Princeton, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (i) the
total score or (ii) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman in J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:204–229, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan in Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 62:79–95, 2008). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT
are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory. 相似文献
19.
This study replicated and extended a phenomenon in the text memory literature referred to as the centrality deficit Miller & Keenan (Annals of Dyslexia 59:99–113, 2009). It examined how reading in a foreign language (L2) affects one’s text representation and ability to recall the most important
information. Readers recalled a greater proportion of central than of peripheral ideas, regardless of whether reading in their
native language (L1) or a foreign language (L2). Nonetheless, the greatest deficit in participants’ L2 recalls, as compared
with L1 recalls, was on the central, rather than the peripheral, information. This centrality deficit appears to stem from
resources being diverted from comprehension when readers have to devote more cognitive resources to lower level processes
(e.g., L2 word identification and syntactic processing), because the deficit was most evident among readers who had lower
L2 proficiency. Prior knowledge (PK) of the passage topic helped compensate for the centrality deficit. Readers with less
L2 proficiency who did not have PK of the topic displayed a centrality deficit, relative to their L1 recall, but this deficit
dissipated when they did possess PK. 相似文献
20.
Previous research has found that pictures (e.g., a picture of an elephant) are remembered better than words (e.g., the word
"elephant"), an empirical finding called the picture superiority effect (Paivio & Csapo. Cognitive Psychology 5(2):176-206, 1973). However, very little research has investigated such memory differences for other types of sensory stimuli (e.g. sounds
or odors) and their verbal labels. Four experiments compared recall of environmental sounds (e.g., ringing) and spoken verbal labels of those sounds (e.g., "ringing"). In contrast to earlier studies that have shown no difference
in recall of sounds and spoken verbal labels (Philipchalk & Rowe. Journal of Experimental Psychology 91(2):341-343, 1971; Paivio, Philipchalk, & Rowe. Memory & Cognition 3(6):586-590, 1975), the experiments reported here yielded clear evidence for an auditory analog of the picture superiority effect. Experiments
1 and 2 showed that sounds were recalled better than the verbal labels of those sounds. Experiment 2 also showed that verbal
labels are recalled as well as sounds when participants imagine the sound that the word labels. Experiments 3 and 4 extended
these findings to incidental-processing task paradigms and showed that the advantage of sounds over words is enhanced when
participants are induced to label the sounds. 相似文献