解脲支原体致病性认识的矛盾运动

解脲支原体(ureaplasma urealyticum UU)是一种处于细菌与病毒之间的原核微生物,被认为是女性生殖道常见且有致病作用的病原体,可通过性交传播.但因许多正常女性阴道内可检测出UU,且其中一部分人无性生活史或亦无任何症状,即并非都具有致病性.临床检查到UU,并不能确定是寄生状态还是感染状态,给诊断与治疗带来困难,是临床中亟待解决的问题.通过UU致病性认识发展的矛盾运动,发现UU致病力受血清型、浓度、宿主状态等多方面因素的影响.     

解脲支原体致病性与治疗决策

解脲支原体,是女性泌尿生殖道常见的一种介于细胞和病毒之间的微生物,可以通过性接触传播,在一定的条件下可以成为致病病原体。由于对其致病性认识不清,临床上对宫颈分泌物解脲支原体检测阳性的女性,存在不规范大剂量滥用抗生素,导致其耐药性日趋严量,因此对解脲支原体致病性和治疗的研究已成为目前研究的热点。现简要讨论其生物学特性、致病性与治疗。     

解脲支原体致病性与治疗决策

解脲支原体,是女性泌尿生殖道常见的一种介于细胞和病毒之间的微生物,可以通过性接触传播,在一定的条件下可以成为致病病原体.由于对其致病性认识不清,临床上对宫颈分泌物解脲支原体检测阳性的女性,存在不规范大剂量滥用抗生素,导致其耐药性日趋严重,因此对解脲支原体致病性和治疗的研究已成为目前研究的热点.现简要讨论其生物学特性、致病性与治疗.     

解脲支原体和女性泌尿生殖道炎症相关性的研究进展

解脲支原体(Uu)是一种条件致病菌,寄生于人的泌尿生殖道,当超过一定含量时才出现感染症状,也可引起非淋菌性尿道炎及妊娠并发症等.Uu各型别与致病性以及女性泌尿生殖道感染的关系一直是国内研究的重点.众多研究表明,不同亚群和(或)基因型有不同的致病性.单纯解脲支原体感染是否会引起女性非淋菌性尿道炎( NGU),其致病性是否与解脲支原体生物群和血清型相关,直接影响疾病的诊断和治疗.     

浅议疾病

现代医学对疾病的定义虽然有多种 ,但大同小异 ,基本上是一致的。我国的《辞海·医药卫生分册》认为 :“疾病指人体在一定条件下 ,由致病因素所引起的一种复杂而有一定的表现形式的病理过程。”英汉双解精选医学词典则把疾病表述为 :“由特殊原因引起并具有可识别的症状和体征的异常状态 ,包括一切躯体畸形与器宫功能障碍。”这两个释义至少含有两层意思 :(1)有一定表现形式的病理过程或状态 :躯体畸形、器官的功能障碍 ,具有可识别的症状与体征的异常状态 ;(2 )疾病具有致病的因素。这种解释在一定意义上把握了疾病的主要特征与内涵 ,但是…     

盆腔炎性疾病的诊断和治疗

盆腔炎性疾病（pelvic inflammatory disease,PID）是指女性上生殖道的一组感染性疾病,由于临床不典型和致病微生物的多样性,导致目前临床上PID的诊断和治疗有一定的难度。本文介绍PID发病机制、高危因素、后遗症和并发症等方面的研究进展,推荐其诊断和治疗的最新规范。     

盆腔炎性疾病的诊断和治疗

盆腔炎性疾病(pelvic inflammatory disease,PID)是指女性上生殖道的一组感染性疾病,由于临床不典型和致病微生物的多样性,导致目前临床上PID的诊断和治疗有一定的难度.本文介绍PID发病机制、高危因素、后遗症和并发症等方面的研究进展,推荐其诊断和治疗的最新规范.     

致病性微生物耐药性严重化问题的思辨

致病性微生物耐药性严重化是一道世界性医学难题。微生物使出种种耐药的"招术",不只是其对药物作用的反应,更应看到是耐药内外因相互作用的结果,是其生物本性之使然。微生物的基本特性使其具备这种"能耐"。这些耐药性应存在一定的"原动机制",可以认定微生物的耐药性必然永远存在。人类社会必须构建长效的、与时俱进的防、抗致病微生物耐药性的卫生工作机制。     

系统方法在小儿心力衰竭治疗中的应用

小儿心力衰竭(心衰)是一种常见的临床综合症,是小儿心血管疾病的主要死亡原因之一.系统就是由相互制约、相互作用的若干部分和要素,以一定的结构组成的具有某种整体状态和整体功能的有机联系的统一体[1].整个心衰发生与发展是一个系统的过程,除致病因子直接损害外,血液动力学紊乱、神经内分泌激活及心血管系统重塑始终存在,三者互为因果、相互关联,形成恶性循环,共同推动心衰进行性恶化,直至成为终末期心衰.本文探讨系统方法在心衰临床治疗中的应用.     

第三状态与心身医学研究

人类的生存状态可分为健康状态、疾病状态、第三状态3种类型。第三状态是健康和疾病的中介状态,又称亚健康或次健康、灰色或游移状态,实际是心身疾病的潜临床或病前状态。     

A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal

Sexual arousal is category-specific in men; heterosexual men are more aroused by female than by male sexual stimuli, whereas homosexual men show the opposite pattern. There is reason to believe that female sexual arousal is organized differently. We assessed genital and subjective sexual arousal to male and female sexual stimuli in women, men, and postoperative male-to-female transsexuals. In contrast to men, women showed little category specificity on either the genital or the subjective measure. Both heterosexual and homosexual women experienced strong genital arousal to both male and female sexual stimuli. Transsexuals showed a category-specific pattern, demonstrating that category specificity can be detected in the neovagina using a photoplethysmographic measure of female genital sexual arousal. In a second study, we showed that our results for females are unlikely to be explained by ascertainment biases. These findings suggest that sexual arousal patterns play fundamentally different roles in male and female sexuality.     

Gender differences in victimized homeless adolescents

Most of what we know about sexual abuse comes from efforts to examine female children victimized by men. Although some researchers have identified similarities between male and female victims of sexual abuse, few studies have examined gender-specific factors associated with sexual health practices among homeless adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore how gender and history of sexual abuse influence cognitive-perceptual and behavioral factors associated with sexual health practices of homeless adolescents. This study was a secondary analysis of data collected for a cross-sectional study of the sexual health practices of homeless adolescents. The sample consisted of 414 youths (104 males who reported sexual abuse and 124 who did not; and 95 females who reported sexual abuse and 75 who did not; 16 did not provide these data). Homeless adolescent females with a history of sexual abuse scored higher (indicating a shorter perspective) on a measure of future time perspective than females with no sexual abuse. Males who reported no sexual abuse scored higher than abused females on perceived health status and higher than abused males on assertive communication. With respect to perceived health status, males who reported no sexual abuse scored significantly higher than females who reported sexual abuse (p = .04). Males with no sexual abuse had significantly higher assertive communication scores than did males who had experienced sexual abuse (p = .015). We found that male and female abuse victims differ in terms of their cognitive-perceptual and behavioral factors associated with sexual health practices. Early identification of those who have been abused is critical so that interventions can be developed. Effective short-term interventions are needed for the adolescent victims of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), particularly those who are homeless and prone to further sexual victimization.     

The influence of male and female best friends on adolescent sexual behavior

Using panel data from a junior high school system in an urban area of Florida, we examine whether adolescents' best same-sex and best opposite-sex friends' sexual intercourse behavior increases the likelihood that respondents who are virgins at round 1 will make the transition to intercourse between rounds of our study. We find no significant influence effects of friends of either sex for black males or females, or white males. In contrast, white females are influenced by the sexual behavior of both their best female friend and best male friend. A virgin white female whose best friends of both sexes were sexually experience at round 1 was almost certain to have sexual intercourse within the two years of our study.     

Sex-role orientation and stereotypes about male-female sexuality

An experiment was conducted to examine the stereotypes about human sexuality held by persons of different sex-role orientations. Sex-typed and androgynous subjects were given bogus information about the sexual experience of another person. This other person was either a male or a female and either high or low in sexual experience. The subjects were then shown some erotic slides and asked to predict how sexually aroused the target person would be by viewing these stimuli. Additionally, the subjects were asked to rate the target person on traits of a sexual and evaluative nature. The results showed, as predicted, that the sexual experience of a female target influences how much sexual arousal is attributed to her. Female targets of high experience were attributed more arousal than inexperienced female targets. For male targets, no such difference was found. Ratings of the targets on an evaluative dimension revealed a double standard: Sexually experienced females were rated lower than were inexperienced females; no difference was found for male targets. In addition, sex-typed subjects tended to express more traditional stereotypes of sexuality than androgynous subjects. The influence that these stereotypes may have in guiding malefemale interactions is discussed.This article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation, submitted to Kansas State University. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of William Giffitt, and his helpful comments and suggestions.     

Preferences for sexual dimorphism on attractiveness levels: An eye-tracking study

Previous studies on sexual dimorphism showed feminine preferences in female faces and mixed findings in male faces by choosing which is more attractive in a pair of a masculine face and a feminine face. However, very little is known about how people make fine-grained visual assessments of such images and the attractiveness levels of faces are not received much attention. Recently a large number of androgynous stars appear in the media, which triggers a hot phenomenon of imitating them. Here we examine the influence of androgynous stars on people’s facial preferences for sexual dimorphism in male and female faces on different attractiveness levels using eye-tracking techniques. In male faces we found both male and female participants preferred masculine faces to androgynous faces in high attractiveness, but mixed results in low attractiveness. In female faces we found both male and female participants preferred feminine faces to androgynous faces in high attractiveness, but no preferences in low attractiveness. Results suggest that attractiveness levels of faces might be a factor causing inconsistency in sexual dimorphism preference for male faces and that androgynous faces are not preferred, which reveals that androgynous phenomenon might not be caused by facial attractiveness.     

Early tutoring and adult reproductive behaviour in female domestic canary (Serinus canaria)

We studied the effect of early tutoring on the subsequent sexual preferences and reproductive activity of female domestic canaries (Serinus canaria). Young female canaries were exposed during the first 4 months of life to songs of either domestic or wild canaries. When adult, these females were again exposed to domestic or wild songs. In the first experiment, the sexual responses of the females to unfamiliar domestic and wild songs were quantified with the copulation solicitation display (CSD) assay. In the second experiment, the same females were tested again with modified tutoring songs. In the third experiment, song stimulation of nest-building and egg-laying was studied. Domestic-strain-tutored females gave more CSDs to domestic than to wild songs. In contrast, wild-strain-tutored females showed no sexual preference. We propose that the sexual preference of adult domestic-strain-tutored female canaries for domestic songs is the consequence of learning and categorisation processes. The discrepancy between the results of the domestic-strain-tutored females and those of the wild-strain-tutored females suggests that female canaries have a predisposition to learn songs of their own strain rather than songs of an alien strain. In the third experiment nest-building and egg-laying activities appeared to be unaffected by early tutoring conditions: there was no significant differential effect of the different tutoring and exposure conditions on nest-building and egg-laying scores. Mate attraction and stimulation of females’ reproductive activity appear to be two separate functions of male song, which may have been shaped by different evolutionary constraints. Received: 24 July 1999 / Accepted after revision: 22 February 2000     

Images of women in advertisements: Effects on attitudes related to sexual aggression

While the power of advertisements has long been known, investigations of sociocultural influences on sexual attitudes have been limited primarily to studies of sexually aggressive media. In this study we examined the effects on sexual attitudes of different portrayals of women in advertisements. Male and female white middle-class university students were exposed to one of three groups of advertisements. In one condition women were depicted as sex objects, in another in progressive or role-reversed roles, and a third condition comprised product oriented advertisements containing no human figures. Sexual attitudes were assessed using four subscales of Burt's Sexual Attitude Survey of 1980, a measure of attitudes believed to be rape-supportive, and conducive to sexual aggression against women. Before completing the Survey, subjects rated a series of advertisements on appeal and aesthetic dimensions. Whereas the product oriented advertisements were rated as more appealing than those featuring female figures, analyses showed that males exposed to the sex-object advertisements significantly more accepting of rape-supportive attitudes, and females exposed to the progressive female images were less accepting of such attitudes than were controls.     

SEXUAL HARASSMENT

This study was designed to examine the impact of sexual harassment on Hong Kong Chinese women in the workplace and in college. Questionnaires assessing sexual harassment incidents experienced by self, perceived prevalence of sexual harassment in the organization, job or study satisfaction, and organizational commitment were completed by 77 female secretaries and 84 female college students in Hong Kong. Consistent with our hypotheses, personal experience of sexual harassment was found to be negatively associated with respondent satisfaction with their jobs or studies. However, these experiences were found to be unrelated to organizational commitment. In addition, most of the coping strategies adopted by the harassment victims tended to be nonassertive in nature. As one of the few systematic sexual harassment studies on Chinese working women and female students, we interpret our findings from an indigenous perspective and discuss both theoretical as well as applied implications for research in this area.     

Female sexual orientation is perceived accurately, rapidly, and automatically from the face and its features

Whereas previous work has shown that male sexual orientation can be accurately and rapidly perceived from the human face and its individual features, no study has examined the judgment of female sexual orientation. To fill this gap, the current work examined the accuracy, speed, and automaticity of judgments of female sexual orientation from the face and from facial features. Study 1 showed that female sexual orientation could be accurately judged from the face and from just eyes without brows and limited to the outer canthi. Study 2 then examined the speed and efficiency of these judgments, showing that judgments of the faces following very brief, near subliminal (40 ms) exposures were significantly better than chance guessing. Finally, Study 3 tested the automaticity of judgments of female sexual orientation by examining the effects of deliberation on accuracy. Participants who made snap judgments of female sexual orientation were significantly more accurate than participants who made thoughtful and deliberated judgments. These data therefore evidence a robust, reliable, and automatic capacity for extracting information about female sexual orientation from nonverbal cues in the face.