共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
Martie P. Thompson Fran H. Norris R. Barry Ruback 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(6):785-809
Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals:
(a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice
system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide
beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one’s relationship to it) and psychological distress. The sample, which
was identified through the Medical Examiner’s Office, was drawn from all criminal homicides from 1.5 to 5 years prior to selection.
Results showed that family members of homicide victims were very dissatisfied with their experiences in the criminal justice
system. Additionally, whereas objective system outcomes (e.g, arrest) did not directly affect posthomicide beliefs and distress,
subjective system outcomes (e.g., police satisfaction) directly affected beliefs and indirectly affected distress. There was
some support for both equity theory and a cognitive theory of change, the two theories that guided the model specification.
This study was funded by a predoctoral National Research Service Award fellowship to Martie Thompson, from the Violence and
Traumatic Stress Research Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health. We thank Paula Vardaman for her help with sample
recruitment and data collection, Nancy Deore and Kelly Harlan for their help with data collection, and Ann Price for help
with data entry. Additionally, we would like to thank Lieutenant Agan of the Atlanta Homicide Division, the staff at the Fulton
County Medical Examiner’s Office, and the staff at the Victim Witness Assistance Program for making this study possible by
providing access to their files. Finally, we thank Morton Bard for his feedback in quastionnaire development and study design. 相似文献
3.
Positive and negative intergroup contact predict Black and White Americans' judgments about police violence against Black Americans
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of applied social psychology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Lydia E. Hayward Matthew J. Hornsey Linda R. Tropp Fiona Kate Barlow 《Journal of applied social psychology》2017,47(11):605-615
We examined whether past positive and negative interracial contact predict people's views of interracial police violence. White (N = 207) and Black (N = 116) Americans reported on their past intergroup experiences before viewing information about one of two true events involving the death of a Black man at the hands of a White police officer. For White Americans, negative contact predicted a reluctance to blame the officer and a willingness to believe that people's responses to the events involved “playing the race card.” For Black Americans, positive contact predicted marginally less officer blame and lower beliefs that the victim was racially profiled. This suggests the potential for a vicious cycle, whereby past contact experiences color perceptions of intergroup conflict in the present. 相似文献
4.
Rosemarie T. Truglio Kimberlee C. Murphy Sabrina Oppenheimer Aletha C. Huston John C. Wright 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1996,17(4):79
Three hundred and twenty six 3- and 5-year-olds (N = 160 3-year-olds) participated in a longitudinal study of the sociological and ecological predictors of children's general audience and child entertainment viewing. Viewing was assessed through five weekly diaries for each child, completed by families over a two-year period. Concurrent analyses of program availability, family demographics/attributes, and child characteristics indicated that children who were frequent viewers of entertainment programs had parents who had limited education, access to cable, and incorporated television into their activities. Although parental regulation and encouragement played a role in children's viewing experiences, particularly at 5 and 7 years of age, the strongest long-term predictors on children's entertainment viewing were parents' education, family size, and the age and sex of the child. Parents need to become more aware of their role in shaping their children's viewing habits. Responsibility for improving children's television viewing experiences, however, should not rely solely with parents but must be shared by educators, broadcasters, and legislators. 相似文献
5.
Rebecca Campbell 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(2):249-277
Surveyed police officers from two police departments in the Midwest on their perceptions of date rape (N=91). The aim of this
research was to examine the influence of officers' work experiences and general beliefs about women on their perceptions of
date rape. Two approaches were utilized. First, using quantitative structural-equation modeling, a model that integrated work
experiences and individual beliefs was evaluated using LISREL VII. Results suggest a direct path from the work experience
variables to perceptions of date rape: Officers with more experience with rape cases held more sympathetic beliefs about data
rape and date rape victims. Officers who found their training on rape to be very helpful, and those who reported that their
work environment was sexualized and sexual harassment was a problem, were also less victim blaming. An indirect influence
of these variables was also supported. Officers with more experience, those who perceived their training as helpful, and those
with heightened awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace also held more favorable attitudes toward women, which, in
turn, predicted less victim-blaming perceptions of date rape. Second, qualitative methods were used to have the police define
and describe in their own words what has shaped their beliefs about date rape. These narratives were content analyzed by two
raters. The qualitative results validated the quantitative findings as the officers were most likely to mention professional
experience with rape cases and departmental trainings as important factors that changed their opinions. Work climate and personal
experiences were also cited as influential. Implications for integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in research,
and training interventions with police are discussed.
The author thanks the Editor, Bill Davidson, Holly Angelique, Susan Englund, Doug Luke, Melody Scofield, and three anonymous
reviewers for their helpful comments on this paper. I also acknowledge Camille Johnson and Jody Venable for their assistance
collecting and coding the data. This research was supported by a grant from the George W. Fairweather Fund. 相似文献
6.
In a previous study uniform observational data were collected regarding family disputes managed by police officers; those data contradicted views commonly held by social scientists and by police about the roles of assaultiveness and alcohol use in these events. In the present study police officers employed systematic naturalistic observation during their interventions as third parties in disputes between nonfamily members as well as those between family members. Tentative conclusions about assaultiveness, based on the data of both studies, are that it: does not usually precede the arrival of police in such disputes; is associated with interpersonal closeness of the disputants; is associated with poverty rather than race; and is as likely in a middle-class small city as in a poor inner-city area. Tentative conclusions about the use of alcohol in police-managed interpersonal disputes are: that these disputes are not usually influenced by alcohol use; and that assaultiveness is not related to alcohol use in such disputes. 相似文献
7.
Keith W. Burton Alfred W. Kaszniak 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3-4):636-651
ABSTRACT Emotional experiences and facial muscle activity of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) (n = 13) and healthy elderly control subjects (n = 21) were measured while viewing emotion-eliciting images. Alzheimer's disease and control groups rated their emotional experiences similarly and in the expected directions on dimensions of valence and arousal. Change in corrugator activity while viewing images, compared to baseline, was comparable across groups and was greatest while viewing negative images. Change in zygomatic activity, however, was significantly different between AD and control groups, with AD subjects demonstrating an inverted pattern of activity compared to controls. These findings are discussed as possible consequences of frontal cortical system involvement accompanying the disease process. 相似文献
8.
9.
Eye movements and hazard perception in police pursuit and emergency response driving 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Crundall D Chapman P Phelps N Underwood G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2003,9(3):163-174
How do police cope with the visual demands placed on them during pursuit driving? This study compared the hazard ratings, eye movements, and physiological responses of police drivers with novice and with age-matched control drivers while viewing video clips of driving taken from police vehicles. The clips included pursuits, emergency responses, and control drives. Although police drivers did not report more hazards than the other participants reported, they had an increased frequency of electrodermal responses while viewing dangerous clips and a greater visual sampling rate and spread of search. However, despite an overall police advantage in oculomotor and physiological measures, all drivers had a reduced spread of search in nighttime pursuits because of the focusing of overt attention. 相似文献
10.
Eileen Yuk-ha Tsang 《Deviant behavior》2018,39(7):896-909
This article chronicles the experiences which lead some female migrant workers in Dongguan, China, to deliberately transition from factory work to sex work. Their decisions are guided by indentured mobility as well as bounded rational choice. This article presents ethnographic data from 45 streetwalkers in Dongguan who navigated highly competitive and risky urban environments involving pimps, police, and gang members. The Chinese government hukou system puts them at an additional disadvantage. Still, life as a streetwalker became their path to economic freedom, removing them from the abject poverty of the factory sweatshop and into an individualized life in urban China. 相似文献
11.
Burton KW Kaszniak AW 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2006,13(3-4):636-651
Emotional experiences and facial muscle activity of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) (n = 13) and healthy elderly control subjects (n = 21) were measured while viewing emotion-eliciting images. Alzheimer's disease and control groups rated their emotional experiences similarly and in the expected directions on dimensions of valence and arousal. Change in corrugator activity while viewing images, compared to baseline, was comparable across groups and was greatest while viewing negative images. Change in zygomatic activity, however, was significantly different between AD and control groups, with AD subjects demonstrating an inverted pattern of activity compared to controls. These findings are discussed as possible consequences of frontal cortical system involvement accompanying the disease process. 相似文献
12.
We provide empirical tests of aspects of a theory of love as a story. According to this theory, people develop—as an interaction between their personality and their experiences—stories of what they believe loving relationships should be. Examples of such stories are addiction, mystery, police, and travel stories. They then seek out and find greatest satisfaction with partners whose stories correspond more closely with their own. The data from two studies indicate that the theory and instrument have some promise for understanding people's ways of conceptualizing love. In particular, couples involved in intimate relationships tend to share similar profiles of love stories; the more similar the stories of two members of a couple, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their relationship. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Khetsiwe Phumelele Masuku Katijah Khoza-Shangase 《Journal of Psychology in Africa》2018,28(3):245-248
This study sought to describe spirituality resourcing of family caregivers for people with aphasia (PWA). A purposive sample of 14 female family caregivers of PWA from a historically disadvantaged South African community were participants (married = 42%; age range 21 to 65 years). They completed interviews regarding the spiritual support that they received when caring for their family member with aphasia. Thematic analysis of the data yielded findings to suggest spiritual interpretation of their experiences, importance of prayer as a source of hope and healing, and significance of social support from church fellowship. Spirituality is a resource for coping with the carer-role among community women with responsibility over family members with aphasia. 相似文献
14.
《Media Psychology》2013,16(2):117-140
Two autobiographical memory studies were conducted in order to better understand the social experience and short- and long-term effects of seeing frightening movies at a young age. Young adult participants (a) recalled the experience of watching a movie they had been frightened by as a child or teen, and (b) were assessed for levels of four kinds of dispositional empathy. They also reported who they watched the movie with, who chose it, what sorts of emotional reactions were experienced during viewing, and what negative effects they experienced following viewing. Participants typically remembered horror movies seen on video in the evening or at night at a mean age of 11 years. Results also showed that (a) fantasy empathy and perspective taking played a role in negative experiences; (b) some situational factors predicted later likelihood of viewing, anticipated fear; and enjoyment of the genre; and (c) a younger age at viewing and higher degree of perceived realism were associated with more negative effects of viewing. 相似文献
15.
Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
ABSTRACTThe larger literature on police stress indicates that much of their stress emanates from two sources: organizational and environmental. These sources coexist in officers’ lives but function differently across police agencies. Officer experiences with stress also tend to lead to emotional reactions, some of which can be negative and increase the risk of misconduct. Agnew’s general strain theory provides one useful theoretical framework within which the relationship between officer strain and negative emotions can be investigated. Using data from three urban Texas police agencies, this study investigates the main sources of police strain as predictors of anger, depression, and burnout. Further, differences in negative emotions across agencies are also examined. Results show that organizational stress is significantly related to all three negative emotions across agencies. Implications and future research directions are highlighted. 相似文献
16.
Excessive TV viewing is associated with weight gain across the lifespan; thus developing strategies to decrease household viewing time may be an effective obesity prevention approach. This pilot study (n = 6 families) examined the feasibility and short‐term impact of a 2‐pronged environmental plus behavioral approach designed to reduce TV time in the entire family. The environmental manipulation involved placing TV Allowances (programmed to turn off power after family members had watched 75% of their baseline hours) on all TVs in the home. A kit with behavioral strategies for reducing TV time was also sent to the home each week and family members self‐monitored viewing time. Viewing was objectively assessed with the TV Allowances at baseline and at 8 weeks. A significant decrease in objectively measured TV viewing hours was observed, t(5) = 3.1, p = 0.03, 29.8 ± 10.3 versus 14.9 ± 6.0 h (equivalent of decreasing from 7.5 to 3.7 h per day). Fifty percent of families reduced their viewing time by ≥50%. The acceptability of the intervention was high, with 100% of families reporting they would recommend the TV Allowances to others. Further research is needed to test the long‐term efficacy of the program and its impact on weight. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Stephen P. Badham Kimberley A. Wade Hannah J. E. Watts Natalie G. Woods Elizabeth A. Maylor 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2013,20(2):289-295
Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults, it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of age-related associative deficits in memory. 相似文献
18.
Nick Hopkins Stephen D. Reicher Sammyh S. Khan Shruti Tewari Narayanan Srinivasan Clifford Stevenson 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(1):20-32
We investigated the intensely positive emotional experiences arising from participation in a large-scale collective event. We predicted such experiences arise when those attending a collective event are (1) able to enact their valued collective identity and (2) experience close relations with other participants. In turn, we predicted both of these to be more likely when participants perceived crowd members to share a common collective identity. We investigated these predictions in a survey of pilgrims (N = 416) attending a month-long Hindu pilgrimage festival in north India. We found participants' perceptions of a shared identity amongst crowd members had an indirect effect on their positive experience at the event through (1) increasing participants' sense that they were able to enact their collective identity and (2) increasing the sense of intimacy with other crowd members. We discuss the implications of these data for how crowd emotion should be conceptualised. 相似文献
19.
Following Hammock and Richardson (1992), it was hypothesized that a preference among some police officers for confrontational rather than conciliatory tactics when dealing with the public may serve to escalate a conflict and thereby explain the documented individual differences in reports of officer assaults. In order to test this possibility, preferred conflict tactics and officers' recent experiences of citizen compliance (and non-compliance) were measured for a sample of 115 English police and 48 Australian police. The results supported the hypothesized relationship by indicating a significant correlation between preferences for specific confrontational and coercive tactics and experiences of noncompliance from the public. 相似文献
20.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experiences of active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age on moral reasoning and goal orientations of referees in sport. The sample consisted of 148 referees of whom 56 judged soccer, 55 basketball, and 37 handball. Their ages ranged from 17 to 50 years (M=36.6, SD=7.4). Of the total number of referees, 8.3% have no experiences from active membership and participation in decision-making processes in organizations (social, athletic, political), 53.1% were simply active members, and 38.6% were involved in decision-making in their respective organizations. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed an interaction between experiences and age on moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees. 相似文献