共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Tolloczko T 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):63-70
The health care system in Poland is undergoing major change and it is possible that these changes could affect clinical research.
Therefore, the situation of funding of health care is important for the future of medical research in this country. Some questions
relevant in this field will be addressed. Since funds for health care and scientific research remain inadequate, their allocation
raises moral, economic, legal and organisational dilemmas. The clinical aspects of resource allocation also include physicians’
responsibilities towards their patients. Scientific research, clinical medicine, and clinical research have a common denominator:
they rely on trust. The physician should be a fiduciary of the patient as well as being a researcher for the benefit of the
patient and for society. Some physicians and researchers, despite unethical conduct, escape disclosure and punishment, but
decision-makers who wrongly allocate funds for health care and research are never held accountable for their actions.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
2.
John A. Schuster 《Synthese》2012,185(3):467-499
One of the chief concerns of the young Descartes was with what he, and others, termed “physico-mathematics”. This signalled
a questioning of the Scholastic Aristotelian view of the mixed mathematical sciences as subordinate to natural philosophy,
non explanatory, and merely instrumental. Somehow, the mixed mathematical disciplines were now to become intimately related
to natural philosophical issues of matter and cause. That is, they were to become more ’physicalised’, more closely intertwined
with natural philosophising, regardless of which species of natural philosophy one advocated. A curious, short-lived yet portentous
epistemological conceit lay at the core of Descartes’ physico-mathematics—the belief that solid geometrical results in the
mixed mathematical sciences literally offered windows into the realm of natural philosophical causation—that in such cases
one could literally “see the causes”. Optics took pride of place within Descartes’ physico-mathematics project, because he
believed it offered unique possibilities for the successful vision of causes. This paper traces Descartes’ early physico-mathematical
program in optics, its origins, pitfalls and its successes, which were crucial in providing Descartes resources for his later
work in systematic natural philosophy. It explores how Descartes exploited his discovery of the law of refraction of light—an
achievement well within the bounds of traditional mixed mathematical optics—in order to derive—in the manner of physico-mathematics—causal
knowledge about light, and indeed insight about the principles of a “dynamics” that would provide the laws of corpuscular
motion and tendency to motion in his natural philosophical system. 相似文献
3.
Joyce Ellen Kennedy 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2005,3(2-4):143-158
Ethical dilemmas are often not discussed in the dissemination of educational research. While the ethical guidelines for research
seem clear at first glance, a closer look at the intimate nature of qualitative research reveals that there are many ambiguities
or ‘grey’ areas where researchers must rely on their personal value systems. This article discusses the challenges faced by
an experienced educator, although novice researcher, in considering the ethical parameters of her own research with adolescents
with hearing loss. In particular, the grey ethical areas identified by the researcher include: (a) vulnerable population;
(b) researcher role confusion; (c) consent; (d) privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity; as well as (e) the nature of risk.
Based on the author’s own reflections on beginning the research process, the article presents possible pitfalls and ways of
overcoming the possibility of becoming immobilized by the ethical enigmas of research. 相似文献
4.
Clergy self-concepts provide an important resource for research into the psychosocial pressures that often breed domestic
tension and marital discord in ministerial families. More than 30 years ago the Journal of Religion and Health published (15:3,
1976) Platt and Moss’s initial study of clergy families, research focused on the self-perceptions of the wives of Episcopal priests.
That investigation explored some of the intrapsychic ingredients and interpersonal concerns of these women. Oden now concentrates
on clergy spouses from a different vantage—the historically recent phenomenon of the Episcopal priest’s husband. This article
grows out of the first formal study of such a growing parochial reality. Husbands of priests present novel issues because
there has never been anyone like them before. They are men who will inevitably find themselves confronted by congregational
expectations that can modify their self-concepts and retailer their marriages, “for better or for worse”. 相似文献
5.
Sheena C. Howard 《Sexuality & culture》2012,16(2):118-133
This paper conceptualizes Hopson’s notion of crash moments by exploring an intercultural interaction (between an individual
who identifies as heterosexual and another who identifies as homosexual) within a graduate classroom by drawing on cultural
schema theory and critical incident analysis. Ultimately, this paper deconstructs a communication breakdown through a self-reflexive
process in which the researcher was “outed” (someone else disclosed the sexual orientation of a lesbian, gay, bisexual or
transgendered individual in a public setting) by a classmate—which the researcher deems as a problematic occurrence, making
the incident critical and fitting for analysis within an intercultural communication context. This paper also considers the
complexities of sexual identity negotiation as an African American female lesbian at a Historically Black College/University. 相似文献
6.
Rony Armon 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(1):173-194
During the 1920s and 1930s, many biologists questioned the viability of Darwin’s theory as a mechanism of evolutionary change.
In the early 1940s, and only after a number of alternatives were suggested, Darwinists succeeded to establish natural selection
and gene mutation as the main evolutionary mechanisms. While that move, today known as the neo-Darwinian synthesis, is taken
as signalling a triumph of evolutionary theory, certain critical problems in evolution—in particular the evolution of animal
function—could not be addressed with this approach. Here I demonstrate this through reconstruction of the evolutionary theory
of Joseph Needham (1900–1995), who pioneered the biochemical study of evolution and development. In order to address such
problems, Needham employed Herbert Spencer’s principles of emergence and Ernst Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation. While Needham
did not reject Darwinian theory, Spencerian and Haeckelian frameworks happened to better fit his findings and their evolutionary
relevance. He believed selectionist and genetic approaches to be important but far from sufficient for explaining how evolutionary
transformations occur. 相似文献
7.
This article is a personal reflection by an investigator with over 25 years of funding from the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). The article: (1) highlights research opportunities for psychologists at the NIH outside of the traditional mental health
arena; (2) provides specific recommendations to individual investigators to enhance their likelihood of obtaining NIH funding;
(3) specifies needed changes in psychology’s research education and training programs to prepare the next generation of psychologists
for research success; and (4) asks the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers to play a lead role in both
research training and advocacy.
This article is based on a presentation given at the 3rd national conference of the Association of Psychologists in Academic
Health Centers in May of 2007 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 相似文献
8.
Heidi Kjærnet 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2010,8(3):161-169
The article deals with trust in applied social science research in the light of applied researchers’ increased dependence
on project funding. Taking Norway as a case study it shows how the societal organization of research funding has implications
for scientific freedom and ultimately for the confidence we have in research. The article gives an account of various ways
the sponsors can influence on applied social science research and discusses the legitimacy of different limitations on scientific
freedom. The article concludes with proposals for how the challenges to scientific freedom posed by the research funding framework
can be addressed structurally, as well as on the level of the research community. 相似文献
9.
Karola Stotz 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(4):483-501
Recent theories in cognitive science have begun to focus on the active role of organisms in shaping their own environment,
and the role of these environmental resources for cognition. Approaches such as situated, embedded, ecological, distributed
and particularly extended cognition look beyond ‘what is inside your head’ to the old Gibsonian question of ‘what your head
is inside of’ and with which it forms a wider whole—its internal and external cognitive niche. Since these views have been treated as a radical departure from the received view of cognition, their proponents have looked
for support to similar extended views within (the philosophy of) biology, most notably the theory of niche construction. This
paper argues that there is an even closer and more fruitful parallel with developmental systems theory and developmental niche
construction. These ask not ‘what is inside the genes you inherited’, but ‘what the inherited genes are inside of’ and with
which they form a wider whole—their internal and external ontogenetic niche, understood as the set of epigenetic, social, ecological, epistemic and symbolic legacies inherited by the organism as necessary
developmental resources. To the cognizing agent, the epistemic niche presents itself not just as a partially self-engineered
selective niche, as the niche construction paradigm will have it, but even more so as a partially self-engineered ontogenetic niche, a problem-solving resource and scaffold for individual development and learning. This move should be beneficial for
coming to grips with our own (including cognitive) nature: what is most distinctive about humans is their developmentally
plastic brains immersed into a well-engineered, cumulatively constructed cognitive–developmental niche. 相似文献
10.
Fred Dallmayr 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(3):189-204
During the last few years two major volumes have been published, both greatly revised versions of earlier Gifford Lectures: Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age (2007) and Raimon Panikkar’s The Rhythm of Being (2010). The two volumes are similar in some respects and very dissimilar in others. Both thinkers complain about the glaring blemishes of the modern, especially the contemporary age; both deplore above all a certain deficit of religiosity. The two authors differ, however, both in the details of their diagnosis and in their proposed remedies. Taylor views the modern age—styled as “secular age”—as marked by a slide into secular agnosticism, into “exclusive humanism”, and above all into an “immanent frame” excluding theistic “transcendence”. Although sharing the concern about “loss of meaning”, Panikkar does not find its source in the abandonment of (mono)theistic transcendence; on the contrary, both radical transcendence and agnostic immanence are responsible for the deficit of genuine faith. For him, recovery of faith requires an acknowledgment of our being in the world, as part of the “rhythm of being” happening in a holistic or “cosmotheandric” mode. In classical Indian terminology, while Taylor’s emphasis on the transcendence-immanence tension reflects ultimately a dualistic perspective (dvaita), Panikkar’s holistic notion of the rhythm of being captures the core of Advaita Vendanta. 相似文献
11.
Uljana Feest 《Erkenntnis》2011,75(3):391-411
This paper provides an interpretation of Hans-J?rg Rheinberger’s notions of epistemic things and historical epistemology. I argue that Rheinberger’s approach articulates a unique contribution to current debates about integrated HPS, and I propose
some modifications and extensions of this contribution. Drawing on examples from memory research, I show that Rheinberger
is right to highlight a particular feature of many objects of empirical research (“epistemic things”)—especially in the contexts
of exploratory experimentation—namely our lack of knowledge about them. I argue that this analysis needs to be supplemented
with an account of what scientists do know, and in particular, how they are able to attribute rudimentary empirical contours to objects of research. These contours
are closely connected to paradigmatic research designs, which in turn are tied to basic methodological rules for the exploration
of the purported phenomena. I suggest that we engage with such rules in order to develop our own normative (epistemological)
categories, and I tie this proposal to the idea of a methodological naturalism in philosophy of science. 相似文献
12.
Julian Edgoose 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2006,25(4):289-302
In contrast to Jean-Francois Lyotard’s classic warning, postmodern society in the United States seems increasingly influenced by metanarratives—religious metanarratives. This article examines the implications of this religious resurgence for educational researchers. It offers a competing analysis of the postmodern that draws on Harold Bloom, Slavoj ŽiŽek and others to identify the gnostic elements in contemporary religiosity, both in Europe and the United States. This competing reading of postmodern religiosity suggests a reframing of Lyotard’s paralogy—research that searches for instabilities in the framework of knowledge. Drawing examples from recent educational research, I will argue for ways in which researchers can better engage religion in their work.The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewer who brought to his attention additional texts and debates about this highly interdisciplinary topic. 相似文献
13.
Competition among scientists for funding, positions and prestige, among other things, is often seen as a salutary driving
force in U.S. science. Its effects on scientists, their work and their relationships are seldom considered. Focus-group discussions
with 51 mid- and early-career scientists, on which this study is based, reveal a dark side of competition in science. According
to these scientists, competition contributes to strategic game-playing in science, a decline in free and open sharing of information
and methods, sabotage of others’ ability to use one’s work, interference with peer-review processes, deformation of relationships,
and careless or questionable research conduct. When competition is pervasive, such effects may jeopardize the progress, efficiency
and integrity of science. 相似文献
14.
Benjamin R. Doolittle 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(1):88-95
Burnout has an important impact upon the professional satisfaction of clergy. Identifying protective behaviors that may prevent
against burnout is important for the long-term emotional health of individual clergy as well as the wider church. This research
reports findings among 358 parish-based clergy that identifies the prevalence of burnout and correlates this data with demographic
risk factors and protective behaviors. Clergy who met criteria for burnout were younger, identified themselves as being depressed
and unsatisfied with their spiritual life, and have endured a traumatic church placement. This research also suggests that
having a variety of interests and activities outside of one’s vocation may protect against burnout. In particular, behaviors
that enhance relationships—such as seeking mentors and attending retreats—as well as pursuing outside activities—such as regular
exercise and scholarly reading—protect against burnout. Further implications for the wider church are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Kristin Andrews 《Synthese》2008,165(1):13-29
I suggest a pluralistic account of folk psychology according to which not all predictions or explanations rely on the attribution
of mental states, and not all intentional actions are explained by mental states. This view of folk psychology is supported
by research in developmental and social psychology. It is well known that people use personality traits to predict behavior.
I argue that trait attribution is not shorthand for mental state attributions, since traits are not identical to beliefs or
desires, and an understanding of belief or desire is not necessary for using trait attributions. In addition, we sometimes
predict and explain behavior through appeal to personality traits that the target wouldn’t endorse, and so could not serve
as the target’s reasons. I conclude by suggesting that our folk psychology includes the notion that some behavior is explained
by personality traits—who the person is—rather than by beliefs and desires—what the person thinks. Consequences of this view
for the debate between simulation theory and theory theory, as well as the debate on chimpanzee theory of mind are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Jaak Panksepp 《Motivation and emotion》2012,36(1):4-15
Cross-species affective neuroscience aspires to provide an evidence-based foundation for understanding the primary-process emotional networks that concurrently control instinctual emotional actions and affective feelings—direct emotional circuit
mediated ‘rewards’ and ‘punishments’. In humans and other mammals, the ancestral subcortical regions of the brain are central
to such affective BrainMind functions (a monistic term, here used synonymously with MindBrain, depending on stylistic needs).
Although these circuits cannot be ‘identical’ across species (that would be incompatible with evolutionary principles) they
are sufficiently similar, anatomically, neurochemically and functionally, to allow animal brain research to illuminate (yield
testable predictions) about homologous human mind functions. Primal emotional feelings (affects) are inbuilt value functions
of the brain that energize and inform the rest of the mental apparatus about basic survival values, thereby promoting secondary-process learning/memory functions and tertiary-process cognitive thinking-ruminative functions, yielding bottom-up evolutionary controls that ultimately allow top-down regulatory
controls. As we envision how such “nested” hierarchies—two-way paths of causality—reflecting both bottom-up and top-down functions—we
will need disciplined distinctions between cognitions and emotions at the primary-process level, while also accepting total
interpenetrance of cognitions and affects at the tertiary-process level of MindBrain organization. This allows full and synergistic
integration of basic and dimensional approaches to emotions. Here the primal emotional networks, so critically important for
understanding ‘human-nature’ and psychiatric disorders, are discussed didactically in ways that can minimize dilemmas that
non-evolutionary, non-hierarchical perspectives are subject to in modern emotion research. 相似文献
17.
Five members of the Rasch family of latent trait models which have appeared more or less independently in the literature are
brought together and identified as one model. In addition to sharing the distinguishing characteristic of the dichotomous
Rasch model—separable person and item parameters and hence sufficient statistics—all five models share a common algebraic
form and have as their basic element the fundamental process defined by Rasch's simple logistic expression. In these models,
the sufficient statistics for person and item parameters are counts of events constructed to be indicative of the variable
being measured, and the measures they enable are ‘fundamental’. 相似文献
18.
Molly Brigid Flynn 《Husserl Studies》2012,28(1):25-47
What types of unity and disunity belong to a group of people sharing a culture? Husserl illuminates these communities by helping
us trace their origin to two types of interpersonal act—cooperation and influence—though cultural communities are distinguished
from both cooperative groups and mere communities of related influences. This analysis has consequences for contemporary concerns
about multi- or mono-culturalism and the relationship between culture and politics. It also leads us to critique Husserl’s
desire for a new humanity, one that is rational, cooperatively united, and animated by a universal philosophical culture.
Reflecting on culture, a spiritually shaped and shared domain of the world, draws us to reflect also on ourselves as social
and rational animals, and to ask, what should we reasonably hope for—and aim for—in a human culture that expresses and supports
our shared lives of reason? Aristotle is used for occasional comparisons and contrasts. 相似文献
19.
Adam Swenson 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2009,66(3):139-154
Most modern writers accept that a privation theory of evil should explicitly account for the evil of pain. But pains are quintessentially
real. The evil of pain does not seem to lie in an absence of good. Though many directly take on the challenges this raises,
the metaphysics and axiology of their answers is often obscure. In this paper I try to straighten things out. By clarifying
and categorizing the possible types of privation views, I explore the ways in which privationists about evil are—or should
or could be—privationists about pain’s evil. 相似文献
20.
Authentic rehabilitation requires the active participation of patients and their involvement with opportunities for action
and development. Within this framework, in this article we outline the possibility of using two emerging computing and communication
technologies—ambient intelligence (AmI) and virtual reality (VR)—for a new breed of rehabilitative and clinical applications
based on a strategy defined astransformation of flow. Transformation of flow is a person’s ability to exploit an optimal (flow) experience to identify and use new and unexpected
psychological resources as sources of involvement. We identify the feeling ofpresence—the feeling of being in a world that exists outside oneself—as the theoretical link between the technology and rehabilitation.
AmI and VR are used to trigger broad empowerment processes induced by a strong sense of presence, leading to greater agency
and control over one’s actions and environment. 相似文献