《禅林宝训》五种古注本述评

《禅林宝训音义》为现存第一种《禅林宝训》古注本。以后出现的《禅林宝训合注》、《禅林宝训拈颂》、《禅林宝训顺硃》、《禅林宝训笔说》四种古注本,基本上遵照了《禅林宝训音义》,但是因注解内容详略不同、注解诠释方式有所差异而各具自身的特点。在上述五种古注本中,《禅林宝训笔说》综合了前四种古注本的优点而成为流传今天丛林的最佳古注本。《禅林宝训音义》等五种古注本的出现且流传至今,这与《禅林宝训》所具的思想价值和对禅林的重要指导意义是分不开的。     

禅林宝训评述(一)

一、概述《禅林宝训》又名《禅门宝训》，正文共两卷，是宋代妙喜、竹庵、土圭三位禅师从历代禅师语录中收集整理辑录而成的。明代净善长老再次加以重新编排，收集历代禅师言行语录三百篇，所选内容皆是佛教“精简警世上乘作品”（民国道安《重印序》）。宋元明清历代丛林禅门学人及诸山长老皆以此为案头清供，视之如座右铭，并将其当作治理丛林、教化门人的训文。近代兴起丛林学堂教育后，将其作为国文兼人格道德教育的范本。关于《禅林宝训》的注释本，明清两代有五家之多：1．《禅林宝训育义》是明代余份乙亥年（1635）云栖比丘大建校正…     

《禅林宝训》的管理思想探析——略论精神性管理手段在禅寺管理中的作用

《禅林宝训》具有丰富的管理思想,精神性管理是其重要的管理特色。僧人对觉悟的追求,以及由此而引发的助宣佛化、弘扬佛法的事业是禅宗寺院的根本目标和最高理念,也是禅宗寺院的管理前提。信仰引导、理想教育、道德教育、精神慰藉等精神性管理手段,对寺院理念进行不断宣示和强化,极大地调动了僧团的积极性,有效地优化了寺院的管理。对《禅林宝训》管理特色的揭示将为当今的禅宗寺院管理提供有益的借鉴。     

不要论断人

《马太福音》5—7章主要是记载耶稣在山上教训门徒的讲论,通常被称为"登山宝训"。登山宝训主要是提出了上帝国的子民应有的生活准则、价值标准和伦理要求。在登山宝训中,耶稣要求跟随他的人当效法上帝,并且给他们提供了一个非常崇高     

登山宝训中耶稣论起誓

《马太福音》记载五大篇耶稣的讲论，而五至七章记载耶稣在山上的教训通常称之为登山宝训。在这五大篇耶稣的讲论中，登山宝训是其中的头一篇。登山宝训中记载着许多上帝国子民应有的生活准则、价值标准和伦理要求等。《马太福音》五章三十三至三十七节是记载耶稣关于对起誓的教训。而耶稣所论起誓的这个教训不是准确地引用《旧约》的任何一段经文，乃是好几处有关起誓经文的综合教训，是对《利未记》十九章十二节，《出埃及记》二十章七节，《申命记》五章十一节，     

爱,圣经的终极指向

圣经观是神学思想建设中的最重要的事工。正确的圣经观意味着我们能够正确地理解和解释神圣的启示。本人拟就《马太福音》中的“登山宝训”中所包含的爱的信息来尝试一下如何去正确地理解圣经,理解基督耶稣的教训。《马太福音》第5至第7章记载耶稣在山上的教训,通常称之为登山宝训。登山宝训主要描写上帝国子民应有的生活准则、价值标准和伦理要求。在     

论孔孟儒家伦理精神的基本特质

伦理精神是民族伦理的深层结构,准确把握儒家伦理精神则必须理解孔孟儒家理论的内在逻辑。理解孔孟儒家理论的内在逻辑及其伦理精神的关键在于厘清孔孟儒家理论的核心关切。而孔孟儒家的核心关切正是社会道德水平的提升。孔孟儒家伦理精神主要包括了:"志道据德"、"为仁由己"与"慎终追远"。其中,志道据德是孔孟儒家伦理的整体价值导向;为仁由己是其伦理实践的执行关键;而慎终追远则为为仁由己提供内在动力。回归孔孟儒家的伦理精神是提升社会道德水平、摆脱当代社会道德困境的重要途径。     

早期儒家与德性伦理学:儒学研究中的相对主义话题——兼与安乐哲、罗思文商榷

20世纪中叶以来,西方伦理学研究的一个重要特征是德性伦理学的复兴.万白安、艾文贺、余纪元等西方汉学学者参照德性伦理学视角来重新诠释中国早期儒家伦理学,借以彰显儒家伦理与西方伦理对话的新路径.安乐哲和罗思文《早期儒家是德性论的吗?》一文则持一种与德性伦理学完全相异的视角:他们认为早期儒家伦理是一种角色伦理(role ethics),“儒家不寻求普遍,而是集中关注特殊性”.本文尝试对此问题展开讨论.意在阐明三个论点:其一,德性伦理学是儒家伦理的题中应有之义;在这一点上,早期儒家伦理虽不及宋明新儒家突出,但实备此一面向.故此,以德性伦理为视角来考究早期儒家伦理,不仅并非绝然扦格,而且可以开启理解儒家伦理的新视域.其二,安乐哲、罗思文的观点固然能够启人心智,但其论说与其说阐明了早期儒家伦理的根本特征,莫若说自我指涉性地流露了其自身的理论限域:去本质化的过程哲学、以实践为先的新实用主义.将这一理论限阈视为“奥卡姆剃刀”,只会使早期儒家伦理成为一种过度后现代化和单面化的狭隘存在.其三,与角色伦理相关联的文化相对主义极度排斥普遍主义的价值诉求,对相对主义和普遍主义之间应有的张力视若不见.以儒家伦理为价值取向的理论和行为主体若将这种绝对了的相对主义内在化为主体自身的信念内容,则无异于自我设限,从而在根本上使得跨文化交流和融合成为一纸空文,在最低限度上也不能避免或消弭不同伦理体系之间的道德冲突.     

论儒家义务论伦理的内生现代性转化——兼与陈嘉明教授商榷

陈嘉明教授在《中国现代化视角下的儒家义务论伦理》一文中认为,儒家义务论伦理是一种单边式义务,权利缺失是儒家义务论的根本缺陷。因而需要引入西方权利观念来建构我国现代义务伦理。实际上,我国儒家经典著作中不乏关于双向性义务与权利的相关论述。更为重要的是,儒家义务论伦理具有开化出现代性义务论伦理的可能性。在重视权利之于义务重要性之余,必须意识到权利实现是以义务遵守为基本前提和根本保障,在这点上中西文化具有通契性。故传统儒家思想中的义务论伦理能内在衍生出现代权利概念,即义务本位能够开化出权利自由。     

《护生画集》的创作理路及其现代启示

《护生画集》作为开启近代生态伦理思潮的开篇之作,它从人道主义的高度有机的融合了中国佛教的慈悲戒杀思想和儒家时禁好生之德,使其成为构建当代生态文明可资利用的道德资源。而其中契理契机的进行视角转换的创作理路,内在的彰显了中国未来生态伦理建设的可能走向。     

BUDDHISM,FREE WILL,AND PUNISHMENT: TAKING BUDDHIST ETHICS SERIOUSLY

In recent decades, there has been growing interest among philosophers in what the various Buddhist traditions have said, can say, and should say, in response to the traditional problem of free will. This article investigates the relationship between Buddhist philosophy and the historical problem of free will. It begins by critically examining Rick Repetti's Buddhism, Meditation, and Free Will (2019), in which he argues for a conception of “agentless agency” and defends a view he calls “Buddhist soft compatibilism.” It then turns to a more wide-ranging discussion of Buddhism and free will—one that foregrounds Buddhist ethics and takes seriously what the various Buddhist traditions have said about desert, punishment, and the reactive attitudes of resentment, indignation, and moral anger. The article aims to show that, not only is Buddhism best conceived as endorsing a kind of free will skepticism, Buddhist ethics can provide a helpful guide to living without basic desert moral responsibility and free will.     

Buddhist Non-Cognitivism

The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, I plan to argue that in light of Buddhist epistemology and metaphysics, it would be an inherent contradiction to the Buddhist tradition as whole to defend the cognitivist view that moral knowledge is possible. Quite the contrary, this essay will demonstrate that, in light of Buddhist theories of knowledge and metaphysical philosophies of no-self and emptiness, Buddhist ethics only makes coherent sense from a standpoint of non-cognitivism. Second, from the arguments that support a non-cognitivist reading of Buddhist ethics, I plan to show that such a standpoint does not entail moral nihilism. Rather, what we find in Buddhism is a middle-way ethic of pluralism. Herein I shall argue that the moral life of Buddhism non-cognitively arises within skandha of feelings, yet is conditioned by the cognitive nature of Buddhist wisdom.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">W</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Bold">ang</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Bold">Fuzhi’s Criticism of Buddhism and Its Limitations</Emphasis>

Wang Fuzhi’s 王夫之 remarks on Buddhism have not been given sufficient attention despite increasing research on him. The few works on this topic either focus on just one aspect of his view of Buddhism or fail to disclose the purpose and uniqueness of his attack of it. This essay analyzes his view of Buddhism comprehensively, in particular his insight into the paradox of Buddhist universal love and his rejection of Buddhist retribution and reincarnation from Confucian righteousness and qi 氣-monism. In addition, it also explores the reason, context, and limitations of his criticism, that is, his reaction to the popular approach of “understanding Confucian classics through learning Buddhism” in the late Ming 明, his response to Zongmi’s 宗密 criticism of Confucian cosmology and human nature, and his misunderstanding of some Buddhist concepts. Yet his criticism is still illuminating to our understanding of the interaction of Confucianism with Buddhism and other religions.     

儒佛政治伦理的冲突与融合——以沙门拜俗问题为中心

中国佛教徒曾经长期以"高尚其迹"相标榜,坚持出家不拜俗的印度传统.一些固守儒家传统的人士攻击佛教"无父无君",损害了封建纲常名教.从东晋至唐朝,朝廷举行了多次关于沙门拜俗的争论,其中以东晋成康、元兴、唐高宗龙朔二年的争论最为激烈.中国佛教僧人在元代彻底地改变了出家人不拜俗的戒条,接受了儒家忠孝至上的政治伦理原则.中国佛教与王权的关系体现了中国佛教以出世的精神服务于现实政治的伦理关怀,体现了中国传统政治的民主精神和对外来宗教文化的宽容态度,体现了儒家的忠孝伦理在中国传统社会的主导价值,体现了佛教"契机契理"的圆融精神.     

认知与误读--宋代儒士佛教思想论略

至有宋一代,佛教已成为中国思想文化的一个重要组成部分。宋代儒士对佛教常识、佛教教义都有较深入的认知与把握,但也存在大面积的误读;宋代儒士一方面主观地批佛、排佛,另一方面却客观地成就了“批判的佛教”。宋代儒士对佛教的认识、理解和评价,不仅有助于弄清宋代新儒学与佛教之关系,也有助于进一步把握宋代学术之分野,而且可以加深我们对佛教中国化的理解。     

Questions in the Making: A Review Essay on Zen and Buddhist Ethics in the Context of Buddhist and Comparative Ethics

In reviewing four works from the 1990s—monographs by Christopher Ives and Phillip Olson on Zen Buddhist ethics, Damien Keown's treatment of Indian Buddhist ethics, and an edited collection on Buddhism and human rights—this article examines recent scholarship on Zen Buddhist ethics in light of issues of Buddhist and comparative ethics. Its highlights selected themes in the notional and real encounter of Zen Buddhism with Western thought and culture as presented in the reviewed works and identifies issues and problems for further consideration, in particular, problems of comparative and cross-cultural understanding and the articulation and redefinition of Zen Buddhist tradition.     

Moral Agency and the Paradox of Self-Interested Concern for the Future in Vasubandhu’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abhidharmakośabhāṣya</Emphasis>

It is a common view in modern scholarship on Buddhist ethics that attachment to the self constitutes a hindrance to ethics, whereas rejecting this type of attachment is a necessary condition for acting morally. The present article argues that in Vasubandhu’s theory of agency, as formulated in the Abhidharmako?abhā?ya (Treasury of Metaphysics with Self-Commentary), a cognitive and psychological identification with a conventional, persisting self is a requisite for exercising moral agency. As such, this identification is essential for embracing the ethics of Buddhism and its way of life. The article delineates the method that Vasubandhu employs to account for the notion of a selfless moral agent, with particular emphasis on his strategies for dealing with one central aspect of agency, self-interested concern for the future.     

The Buddha And The Birch Tree: The Great Pine Forest Monastery And The Localization Of Vietnamese Buddhism To Canada

The Great Pine Forest Monastery was established in the Laurentian Mountains, north of Montreal, by the Union of Vietnamese Buddhist Churches in Canada in 1988. Its establishment represented, in the minds of the founders, the localization of Vietnamese Buddhism to Canadian soil. The process has, however, been a difficult one and the new acting leader of the monastery is not always optimistic that Buddhism can flourish in Canada, with particular concerns about second and third generation Vietnamese Canadians. This paper will look at the difficult navigation between tradition and adaptation that this Vietnamese Buddhist organization is undergoing, with a particular focus on the obstacles that have emerged for the development of a monastic sangha in Canada.     

The Varied Trajectories of Engaged Buddhism: New Works on Buddhist Environmental Ethics,Interdependence, and Racial Karma

This book discussion reads three works in contemporary Buddhist social ethics alongside one another: Ogyen Trinley Dorje’s Interconnected, David Loy’s Ecodharma, and Larry Ward’s America’s Racial Karma. Each of these works contributes to the subfield of engaged Buddhism, which aims to bring Buddhist value theory to contemporary social and political issues in order to effect social change. The rapid development of engaged Buddhism constitutes a particularly rich moment in the history of Buddhist thought, as Buddhist ethics is showing itself to be actively in process—a tradition in the midst of rapid transformation, revision, and cross-cultural application. This book discussion interrogates these three works with that metaphilosophical and historiographical issue in mind, analyzing the particular ways in which they contribute to challenging and reshaping the traditional contours of Buddhist ethics into a contemporary social and political register. In exemplifying the approaches of translation, extending, and applying, these works demonstrate the creative and experimental moment in which Buddhist social ethics finds itself today. Such adaptations of the Buddhist tradition are historiographically significant as innovations, while also of a piece with Buddhism’s history of intercultural transmission.     

Review of Mark Siderits, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Buddhism as Philosophy</Emphasis>

Siderits’ book is a welcome contribution to the ongoing dialogue between Buddhism and Western analytic philosophy. It covers the three main areas of philosophical enquiry—metaphysics, ethics and epistemology. Although conceptually quite challenging in places, the information is always presented in a pedagogic, evolutionary and highly readable manner. There are occasional problems with Siderits’ approach of isolating Buddhism as philosophy from Buddhism as religion, particularly in his chapter on ethics, which cannot avoid being somewhat unbalanced, and possibly misrepresentational, as it skirts around the major role that the doctrines of karma and rebirth play in Buddhist ethics. Although Siderits’ approach inevitably leaves some gaps, it manages to fill another important gap left by other books on Buddhism aimed either at the lay practitioner or specialist scholar. For those looking for a serious yet concise presentation of Buddhist philosophy, unencumbered with religious baggage, this is a rewarding resource for both personal and classroom study.