道教内丹学中的"性命先后"问题辨析

"性命先后"是道教内丹学中一个很重要的理论问题,本文从内丹学文献出发,梳理"先命后性"和"先性后命"在内丹学南北宋中的确切意义,并从理论上指明其中可蕴含的哲理意义,说明两者内在相通与辩证统一.     

论道教内丹学的阴阳哲理

内丹学"崇阳抑阴"有其特定的意义,纯阳并非在同一层次上与"阴阳对待"的说法相矛盾,内丹学的阴阳交媾本身已经预设了阴阳二者之间的平衡与调和关系的重要性。但因内丹学未有明确的理论自觉,故有时不免制造了"崇阳抑阴"与"阴阳平衡"之间的矛盾张力。本文从阴阳哲理的层面,对内丹学阴阳交媾的"纯阳"观念做深入的阐释;内丹学以其特有的易理卦象来描述阴阳交媾的火候法则与成仙原理,这里面所呈现的"纯阳"观念本身即包含有深刻的阴阳哲理。我们先略述阴阳交媾的"纯阳"观念,然后总结阴阳交媾的易理卦象,最后则阐明阴阳交媾的成仙原理。如此,我们可以准确理解内丹学中既要追求"纯阳"而又讲究"阴阳交媾"这两者之间的辩证统一关系。     

试论陈致虚的道教易学思想

本文主要分析了陈致虚道教易学的内丹学思想的理论特色。陈致虚以《周易》之理来建构其内丹学的思想体系,提出了“易只阴阳两件物事”、“易之道道数也”、“易之道统乎天心”等三条道教内丹学的原则。认为道教内丹修炼是法天地阴阳造化生生之理而进行的,天地造化就是太极或道的展开过程,修道即是要回复到道本身。而天地造化之功不离阴阳两件物事,所以,内丹修炼不离阴阳。“阴阳”为道之纲纪,向道复归的路径为“逆”,“天心”即天地造化生生的节度和有序性,内丹修炼通过调和“阴阳”,以“逆”的方式法“天心”而施功,便能参赞天地之化育,以论还丹。陈致虚通过“援易入道”,在对本体之道的理解、修持的原理、证道的方法等内丹学的重要理论问题上作出了具有特色的阐述,为宋元时期成熟的道教内丹学的理论体系的建立作出了贡献。     

金丹与中医比较研究

金丹包括外丹和内丹,中医是研究人体生理、病理以及疾病的诊断和防治的一门学科。金丹和中医在世俗目的上是相同或相近的。金丹与中医都以阴阳理论为依据,但有不同。外丹与中药丹、内丹有同有异。内丹与中医药物不同。内丹药物是人体内精气神,中医药物以植物为主。内丹与中医对人体的认识有同有异。脏腑理论和经络理论、腧穴理论既是中医的基本理论,也是内丹学得以成立的生理基础。对内丹来说,奇经八脉的作用更为重要,特别重视任督二脉和特有的中黄之脉。丹田理论在腧穴理论中,仅是一个普通的穴位而已,内丹学认为丹田对内丹修炼有着极其重要的作用,是人体中产药结丹之处所。     

道教内丹学揭秘

本文介绍了道教内丹学的发展历史和流派；从现代科学和哲学的角度剖析了内丹学基本理论的秘密。同时，对男子单独静坐的清修丹法、女子独自修炼的女丹程序，乃至男女双修的阴阳栽接丹法都作了剖析，初步揭示了这种在道教中师徒口诀秘传的内丹学的真相。     

论道教内丹学的“玄关一窍”

内丹学的核心奥秘在于真阴真阳的交媾。真阴真阳的交媾如何可能?沟通先天世界的关键何在?这都离不开“玄关一窍”的作用。玄关一窍是真阴真阳交媾的发生地，是沟通先天一气的门户，是进入先天元神的机关所在，可谓是内丹学奥秘之中的奥秘。内丹学有关玄关一窍的诸种说法，是否有其内在的理路可寻?如何在内丹学整体修炼思想中给予玄关一窍以准确的定位?探索玄关一窍的真实意义，不仅是道教内丹学“阴阳交媾论”的重要论题，也是整个道教内丹学研究的重要课题，更是我们探索人体生命奥秘的重要途径，对于今天继承内丹学的养生方法与生命智慧，都有极为重要的意义。     

道教内丹学论“道的演化”

本文在综览内丹学文献的基础上,对内丹学关于"道的演化"的理论进行系统的整理与诠释,是作者对内丹学"宇宙-本体论"研究的一个重要组成部分。     

道教内丹学论“先天一气”

“先天一气”是道教内丹学的核心范畴之一,它是本体概念在内丹学修炼的直观意义上的呈现,但又不能完全等同于本体意义上的“道”或“虚”,也不是后天意义上的“精、气、神”之一的“气”,而是内丹学返本还原修炼体系中从后天回归先天的一个重要的过渡状态,是内丹学修炼成仙的必由之路。本文在综览内丹学文献的基础上,对内丹学关于“先天一气”的理论进行系统的整理与诠释。     

黄裳内丹学的理论特色初探

清末道教学者黄裳的内丹学理论颇具特色，在内丹学史上自成一家。本文认为，黄裳内丹学的理论特色表现在以下四个方面：（１）在内丹学的“药物”问题上，提出“盗天地之元气以为丹本”的主张；（２）对作为整个内丹学的逻辑起点的“玄关一窍”从身体结构和身心状态两方面作了明白的阐述。（３）把“阳生”之道区分为“外动之阳生”与“内动之阳生”，而“内动之阳生”又分为“性阳生”和“命阳生”。（４）主张性命双修，而又侧重心性，提出“静处炼命，动处炼性”的修炼原则。     

神形问题与内丹学的解脱观念

道教内丹学的解脱观念有别于传统道教的“肉体飞升”之说 ,而以神气合一的阳神解脱为内丹修炼的目标。本文考察了佛道二教关于“神形”问题的争论对内丹学解脱观念形成的重要影响 ,并阐述了内丹学解脱观念的形成和演变过程。     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.