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Infancy is characterized by intensive parenting which may affect later child development. However, little is known about similarities and differences in maternal and paternal parenting behaviour, as the majority of the studies have mainly focused on mothers. The present study investigated similarities and differences in mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviour during parent-infant interaction in 56 mothers and 56 fathers of 3-months-old infants in a good-resourced sample. Parent-child interactions were videotaped and coded by the Global Rating Scales. Results suggested similar parenting behaviour in terms of maternal and paternal sensitivity, intrusiveness and remoteness. Moreover, regardless of sex infant’s behaviour was similar during interactions with mothers and fathers. The low-risk and non-clinical nature of our sample may have had a positive influence on mother-child and father-child dyadic exchanges. These findings suggest including family system models in research and clinical practice. 相似文献
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Juliet Popper Shaffer 《Psychometrika》1991,56(1):29-38
In a factorial design with two or more factors, there is nonzero interaction when the differences among the levels of one factor vary with levels of other factors. The interaction is disordinal or qualitative with respect to a specific factor, sayA, if the difference between at least two levels ofA is positive for some and negative for some levels of the other factors. Using standard methods of analysis, there is a potentially large probability of drawing incorrect conclusions about the signs of differences in the presence of disordinal interaction. The maximum probability of such incorrect conclusions, or directional errors, is derived for two-factor designs in which the factor of interest has two levels and the number of levels of the other factor varies. 相似文献
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BackgroundEarly parent-child interactions have a critical impact on the developmental outcomes of the child. It has been reported that infants with a family history of autism and their parents may engage in different patterns of behaviours during interaction compared to those without a family history of autism. This study investigated the association of parent-child interactions with child developmental outcomes of those with typical and elevated likelihood of autism.MethodThis longitudinal study investigated the relationship between global attributes of parent-child interaction and the developmental outcomes of infant siblings with elevated likelihood (EL: n = 29) or typical likelihood (TL: n = 39) of developing autism. Parent-child interactions were recorded during a session of free-play when the infants were six months of age. Developmental assessments were carried out when the children were 12 and 24 months of age.ResultsThe intensity of mutuality was significantly higher in the TL group than in the EL group, and developmental outcomes were poorer in the EL group when compared to the TL group. Positive associations between parent-child interaction scores at six months and developmental outcomes at 12 months were observed only in the TL group. However, in the EL group, higher levels of infant positive affect and attentiveness paid to the caregiver is associated with lower autism symptoms. Due to the sample size and design of the study, the findings must be viewed as indicative.ConclusionThis preliminary investigation demonstrated differences in the association between parent-child interaction quality and developmental outcomes for children with typical and elevated likelihood for autism. Future studies should combine micro-analytic and macro-analytic approaches to parent-child interaction to further examine the nature of this relationship. 相似文献
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Elizabeth A. Stormshak Matthew L. Speltz Michelle DeKlyen Mark T. Greenberg 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(5):345-357
The clinical intake interview is an opportunity to observe family interactions and formulate hypotheses about their influence on presenting problems. In this study family interactions were assessed during an unstructured segment of a clinical intake. Families with disruptive preschool boys were compared with those having nonproblem boys. Mothers' and fathers' reports of marital satisfaction, parenting involvement, and child behavior problems were examined in relation to observed behavior during intake. Patterns of family interaction emerged which were consistent with previous research and with family systems theory. Clinic boys oriented more toward mothers than fathers and interacted more negatively with their fathers than did comparison boys. Implications for integrating the assessment of family interactions into clinical practice and research with behavior problem children are discussed. 相似文献
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N. Blurton Jones M. C. R. Ferreira M. Farquhar Brown L Macdonald 《Aggressive behavior》1979,5(2):121-133
In a longitudinal study in which 59 first-born middle class children were observed in the company of other children of the same age and with their mothers, a high frequency of attacks on other children by children nearly two years old was correlated with absent or delayed response by the mother to the child's crying after falls, etc. Other aspects of mother's or child's behaviour were examined but all failed to explain away this correlation. Some routes by which the correlation could have arisen from immediate influences of the child's behaviour upon the mother were also excluded. Thus it was not true that “tough” kids fight a lot and stop crying quickly. Nor did mothers respond less to children who cried often. 相似文献
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Family Interaction Patterns as Predictors of Vocational Identity and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Byron K. HargroveMaureen G. Creagh Brian L. Burgess 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2002,61(2):185-201
The present study explored the relations of perceived family-of-origin interaction patterns (e.g., quality of family relationships, family-supported goal orientations, and degree of control and organization in the family) to vocational identity and career decision-making self-efficacy. A sample of 210 college students completed family-of-origin and vocational self-report measures. Using standard multiple regression analyses, significant variance was accounted for in vocational identity scores by achievement orientation in the family. Significant variance in career decision-making self-efficacy scores was accounted for by a number of family variables including achievement, intellectual-cultural, and moral-religious emphasis orientations and degree of family conflict and expressiveness. The findings suggest that family-of-origin interaction patterns may play small, yet significant roles in the formulation of clear and stable career goals and the promotion of self-confidence in regard to completing career planning activities. These findings warrant further empirical examination of the family systems approach to young adult career development. 相似文献
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Kenny has proposed a variance-components model for dyadic social interaction. His Social Relations model estimates variances and covariances from a round-robin of two-person interactions. The current paper presents a matrix formulation of the Social Relations model. It uses the formulation to derive exact and estimated standard errors for round-robin estimates of Social Relations parameters.We are grateful to George Gilbert for comments on an earlier draft. 相似文献
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Kevin L. Zabel Michael A. Olson Camille S. Johnson Joy E. Phillips 《The Journal of social psychology》2015,155(6):545-552
The antecedents and consequences of intergroup interactions have been well studied, but interaction content—what partners actually talk about—has not. In the experiment we report here, interaction content moderated well-documented self-regulation effects (i.e., cognitive depletion) among White participants interacting with a Black partner. Specifically, White individuals participated in a video email interaction with an ostensible Black or White partner who broached topics systematically varying in intimacy. Greater cognitive depletion was evident after interacting with a Black partner relative to a White partner, but only after discussing more intimate topics. When conversation topics aligned with Whites’ preferences to avoid intimacy in interracial interactions, depletion effects were reduced. Thus, interaction content, which has been largely ignored in intergroup interaction research, has important implications for intergroup interaction. 相似文献
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用大学生被试的两个实验考察人们对两个原因交互作用效应的定性评估和定量评估。实验结果表明,被试的定性评估与交互作用对比的性质相一致,而与因果力的性质不相一致;被试的定量评估随交互作用对比值增加而增加,而不受因果力的影响。实验结果一致支持交互作用对比标准,而不支持因果力标准和交叉乘积比率标准。这不同于以往的有关研究结果 相似文献
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Robert A. Cribbie Chantal Ragoonanan Alyssa Counsell 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2016,69(2):159-174
Researchers often want to demonstrate a lack of interaction between two categorical predictors on an outcome. To justify a lack of interaction, researchers typically accept the null hypothesis of no interaction from a conventional analysis of variance (ANOVA). This method is inappropriate as failure to reject the null hypothesis does not provide statistical evidence to support a lack of interaction. This study proposes a bootstrap‐based intersection–union test for negligible interaction that provides coherent decisions between the omnibus test and post hoc interaction contrast tests and is robust to violations of the normality and variance homogeneity assumptions. Further, a multiple comparison strategy for testing interaction contrasts following a non‐significant omnibus test is proposed. Our simulation study compared the Type I error control, omnibus power and per‐contrast power of the proposed approach to the non‐centrality‐based negligible interaction test of Cheng and Shao (2007, Statistica Sinica, 17, 1441). For 2 × 2 designs, the empirical Type I error rates of the Cheng and Shao test were very close to the nominal α level when the normality and variance homogeneity assumptions were satisfied; however, only our proposed bootstrapping approach was satisfactory under non‐normality and/or variance heterogeneity. In general a × b designs, although the omnibus Cheng and Shao test, as expected, is the most powerful, it is not robust to assumption violation and results in incoherent omnibus and interaction contrast decisions that are not possible with the intersection–union approach. 相似文献
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This paper is concerned with the relations between the individual characteristics (Temperament, Locus of Control, Self-concept) of 4-year-olds, child-mother and child-sibling interactions. The temperamental characteristics Active and Moody, and the Self-concept categories Worrying/Cross and Likes to be Alone, had generally similar relations to child-mother and child-sibling interactions, but the other characteristics did not. The relations between child-mother and child-sibling interactions did not support either the hypothesis that a ‘good ’ child-mother relationship leads to ‘good ’ interactions with a sibling, or that firstborns compensate for a ‘poor ’ child-mother relationship with a ‘good ’ sibling one. The relations were more complex than either of these hypotheses would suggest, but made intuitive sense. 相似文献
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What kind of hand and finger movements are newborn infants preoccupied with, and how are these movements organized and controlled? These questions were studied in two experiments under three conditions: a social condition, in which the mother (in expt 1) or the experimenter (in expt 2) sat face to face with the infant; an object condition, in which a ball moving slowly and irregularly was presented to the infant; and a baseline condition (in expt 1) without ball or mother present. The size of the ball and the distance to it was chosen so that it approximately corresponded to the visual angle of the head of the model. Twenty-six neonates participated in the study ranging from 2 to 6 days of age at the time of observation. All infants were in an alert, optimal awake state during the experiments. The infants' finger movements were scored from video recordings. The result revealed a large variety of relatively independent finger movements. It was found that finger movements differed both in quantity and quality between the three conditions. There were many more finger movements in the social condition than in the object and baseline conditions. In addition, there were relatively more transitional finger movements and flexions of the hand in the social condition, and relatively more thumb-index finger activity and extensions of the hand in the object condition. Finally, the arms were more often forward extended in the object condition than in the social condition. The results support the notion that neonates show different modes of functioning towards people and objects. 相似文献
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David Cwir Priyanka B. Carr Steven J. Spencer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(3):661-664
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that cues of social connectedness could lead even new interaction partners to experience shared emotional and physiological states. In Experiment 1, a confederate prepared for a stress-inducing task. Participants who had been led to feel socially connected to the confederate reported feeling greater stress than participants who had not. In Experiment 2, a confederate ran vigorously in place. Socially-connected participants had greater cardiovascular reactivity (heart rate and blood pressure) than controls. Each study held constant exposure to the confederate. The results suggest that the sharing of psychological and physiological states does not occur only between long-standing relationship partners, but can also result from even subtle experiences of social connectedness. These findings illustrate the dynamic and fluid ways in which important aspects of self can change in response to cues of social relatedness. 相似文献
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The behavior of eight infants with Down syndrome was observed biweekly from 8 to 24 weeks and monthly up to 48 weeks. At each visit the infants were presented with their mother, a female stranger, and a rattle puppet that were alternately active and passive. Each condition lasted 60 s. The results showed that by 4 months of age the infants began to differentiate, in the proportion of time they looked, smiled, and vocalized, between people and the toy. They did not discriminate, however, between mother and female stranger and between the active and passive adults until the second half of the first year. In particular, whereas normal infants usually show distress toward passive or “still-face” adults, the infants in this study continued to vocalize, at times even with smiling faces. The implications of these atypical aspects of the social development of infants with Down syndrome for their subsequent nonverbal communicative development are discussed. 相似文献
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Phoebe Caldwell 《Infant and child development》2006,15(3):275-282
Imitation offers a gateway to relationship. This paper seeks to explore that capacity by describing the therapeutic approach of ‘Intensive Interaction’. The research literature on imitation contains relatively little about imitation used in an intervention capacity, concentrating instead on the emergence of imitative abilities during infant and child development. The paper therefore describes the case of a young man with severe autism, for whom Intensive Interaction was successful in bringing him into interpersonal engagement with others. The author provides an account as to why imitation should be so effective in this regard. Overall, the paper aims to stimulate questions about how imitation can best be conceived and studied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This study examined the development of mother–infant tickling interaction and the relationship between infants’ ticklishness and social behaviors including infants’ looking at mothers’ face, mothers’ narrative tickling, and mothers’ laughter. Twenty-two Japanese infants aged 5 months (n = 10, five girls) and 7 months (n = 12, four girls) and their mothers were videotaped. Results revealed that the mothers’ narrative tickling was more frequent at 7 than at 5 months and the infants’ strong ticklishness showed the same tendency. The infants’ strong ticklishness was linked with the occurrence of other social behaviors. In conclusion, infants’ ticklishness was heavily connected with social behaviors. The mode of the tickling interaction at 7 months was different from that at 5 months especially in the increase of mother’s narrative tickling. A possible function of such mother’s narrative tickling to facilitate infant active communication at a higher cognitive level including anticipation, was discussed. 相似文献