Expanding the evidence: Developments and innovations in clinical practice,training and competency within voice and communication therapy for trans and gender diverse people

Background: Speech and language therapists (SLTs) deliver voice and communication therapy for trans and gender diverse people to facilitate authentic vocal and communicative expression. Davies, Papp, and Antoni (2015) have provided a comprehensive review of the literature, with recommendations for good clinical care. Several areas highlighted as gaps in the research were identified by the current authors as ones in which evidence is expanding.

Aims: To demonstrate 1) an expansion of the evidence base in particular innovations in voice group therapy for trans women and trans men; 2) the importance of delivering voice and communication therapy as part of a complete approach to trans and gender diverse health care; and (3) developments in training and competency in the UK.

Method: Data were drawn from three small-scale projects, two surveys, and one audit.

Measurements: Data from survey and audits and pre- and post-group acoustic measures of and client self-perceptual measures, including the Transsexual Voice Questionnaire (TVQ^MtF); a client-generated set of questions for trans men; and the migration of vocal identity map, adapted from Narrative Therapy practices.

Results: Positive outcomes for both pitch measures and client perception were recorded. Audit and survey data provided evidence of developments in training and competency in the UK.

Conclusion: Evidence supports group therapy as a successful approach for trans individuals across a number of parameters of voice and self-perception. Voice group protocols for both trans men and trans women should take account of the social context within which to explore relational presence and authentic voice. SLTs within gender identity clinics provide voice and communication as part of a broader pathway of care, alongside sharing professional knowledge and skills. Current UK developments are documented as indicators of positive responses to the growth in the number of SLTs seeking to develop specialist skills within this field.     

Psychosocial mediators of a theory-based resistance training maintenance intervention for prediabetic adults

Objective: Examine psychosocial mediators of the effects of high vs. low-dose resistance training (RT) maintenance interventions among older (ages 50–69), overweight and pre-diabetic adults.

Design: Participants (N = 123) completed a three-month supervised RT initiation phase and were subsequently randomised (time 1) to high or low-dose six-month unsupervised RT maintenance interventions (time 2), followed by a six-month no-contact phase (time 3).

Main Outcome Measures: Online measures of putative mediators and RT behaviour.

Results: RT intervention condition (high vs. low dose) had significant effects on change from time 1 to time 2 in behavioural expectation, self-regulation and perceived satisfaction (f² = .04–.08), but not outcome expectancies, RT strategies or behavioural intentions (f² ≤ .02). Change in each of the putative mediators, except for outcome expectancies (f² ≤ .02), had significant effects on RT behaviour at times 2 (f² = .12–.27) and 3 (f² = .23–.40). In a multiple mediation model, behavioural expectation (f² = .11) and self-regulation (f² = .06) mediated the effects of RT intervention condition on time 2 RT behaviour, whereas perceived satisfaction did not (f² = .01). Self-regulation was a significant mediator of intervention effects on time 3 RT behaviour (f² = .11), but behavioural expectation and perceived satisfaction were not (f² = .04).

Conclusions: Findings suggest that behavioural expectation and self-regulation are appropriate targets for RT maintenance interventions among at-risk older adults.     

Book reviews and books received

Seeking convergence SAVICKAS, M.L. & LENT, R. W. (Eds), 1994 Convergence in Career Development Theories: Implications for Science and Practice Palo Alto, CA: CPP Books ISBN 0-89106-066-9 $32

Reviewed by John Killeen, University of Hertfordshire and National Institute for Careers Education and Counselling

Careers in the classroom BARNES, A. & ANDREWS, D. (Eds), 1995 Developing Careers Education and Guidance in the Curriculum London: Fulton ISBN 1-85346-323-X £13.99

Reviewed by Sheila M. Sloney, National Foundation for Educational Research

Painful questions LAGO, C. & THOMPSON, J. 1996 Race, Culture and Counselling Milton Keynes: Open University Press ISBN 0-335-19294-7 £12.99

Reviewed by Alan Home, Principal Psychotherapist, Central Manchester Healthcare Trust

Skills training INSKIPP, F. 1996 Skills Training for Counsellors London: Cassell ISBN 0-304-32920-7 (hardback); 0-304-32918-5 (paperback) £35 (hardback); £11.99 (paperback)

Reviewed by Maggie Robson, School of Education, University of Durham

Therapy for psychosis CHADWICK, B. BIRCHWOOD, N. & TROWER, P. 1996 Cognitive Therapy for Delusions, Voices and Paranoia Chichester: Wiley ISBN 0-71-96173-6 £15.99

Reviewed by Frank Margison, Consultant Psychotherapist, Manchester Royal Infirmary

Demonstrating REBT DRYDEN, W. 1996 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: Learning from Demonstration Sessions London: Whurr ISBN 1-897-635-443 £12.95

Reviewed by Michael Gopfert, Consultant Psychotherapist, Liverpool Psychotherapy and Consultation Service, Mossley Hill Hospital, Liverpool

Promoting mental health TUDOR, K. 1996 Mental Health Promotion: Paradigms and Practice London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-10106-9 £16.99

Reviewed by Mike McNulty, Department of Primary Health Care, University College of St Martin, Carlisle

Incest therapy COURTOIS, C.A. 1988 Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy New York: Norton ISBN 0-393-31356-5 £13.95

Reviewed by Helen Bridges, Senior Lecturer in Counselling and Psychology, University College of St Martin, Lancaster     

Book reviews and books received

Mavis Klein: Lives People Live. Chichester: Wiley, 1980. £11.75 hardback; £5.75 paperback.

T.L. Brink: Geriatric Psychotherapy. London: Human Sciences Press, 1979. £5.50.

Park O. Davidson and Sheena M. Davidson (eds.): Behavioral Medicine: Changing Health Lifestyles. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980. $26.52.

Natalie Jane Woodman and Harry R. Lenna: Counseling with Gay Men and Women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980. £5.40.

Sara Delamont Sex Roles and the School London: Methuen, 1980. £2.95.

Robert Crone and John Malone: Continuities in Education. Slough: NFER, 1979. £5.95.

Robert F. Stahmann and William J. Hiebert Premarital Counseling. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington, 1980. £11.50.

Carole Sutton: Psychology for Social Workers and Counsellors - an Introduction. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1979. £7.95 (hard-back); £4.95 (paperback).

Patricia Rowan: What Sort of Life? Windsor NFER, 1980. £5.50.

A.G. Watts, D.E. Super, and J.M. Kidd (eds.): Career Development in Britain: Some Contributions to Theory and Practice. Cambridge: CRAC/Hobsons, 1981. £19.80.     

Disease controllability moderates the effect of coping efficacy on positive affect

Objective: This study aims to test experimentally whether coping strategies (approach- vs. avoidance-oriented coping) have differential effects under conditions of high or low stressor controllability.

Design: Undergraduates (62 women, 30 men) participated in a 2 × 2 experimental study where they were introduced to a fictitious disease (tisomerase enzyme deficiency) said to be either controllable or uncontrollable and an approach- or avoidance-oriented coping behaviour induction.

Main Outcome Measures: Changes in positive and negative affect.

Results: A significant disease control x coping interaction on positive affect (f² = .07, p = .011) revealed that approach-coping condition participants had higher positive affect than avoidance-coping condition participants when disease control was high (d = .94, p = .003), but not when it was low (d = .11, p = .93). The experimental conditions did not significantly influence negative affect.

Conclusion: Results demonstrate that disease control moderates the salubrious effects of approach-oriented coping on positive affect. For controllable, but not uncontrollable, health stressors, promoting problem-focused approach-oriented coping strategies may be recommended.     

Predicting sugar-sweetened behaviours with theory of planned behaviour constructs: Outcome and process results from the SIPsmartER behavioural intervention

Objective: Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and health literacy concepts, SIPsmartER is a six-month multicomponent intervention effective at improving SSB behaviours. Using SIPsmartER data, this study explores prediction of SSB behavioural intention (BI) and behaviour from TPB constructs using: (1) cross-sectional and prospective models and (2) 11 single-item assessments from interactive voice response (IVR) technology.

Design: Quasi-experimental design, including pre- and post-outcome data and repeated-measures process data of 155 intervention participants.

Main Outcome Measures: Validated multi-item TPB measures, single-item TPB measures, and self-reported SSB behaviours. Hypothesised relationships were investigated using correlation and multiple regression models.

Results: TPB constructs explained 32% of the variance cross sectionally and 20% prospectively in BI; and explained 13–20% of variance cross sectionally and 6% prospectively. Single-item scale models were significant, yet explained less variance. All IVR models predicting BI (average 21%, range 6–38%) and behaviour (average 30%, range 6–55%) were significant.

Conclusion: Findings are interpreted in the context of other cross-sectional, prospective and experimental TPB health and dietary studies. Findings advance experimental application of the TPB, including understanding constructs at outcome and process time points and applying theory in all intervention development, implementation and evaluation phases.     

Is a lower dose of cyproterone acetate as effective at testosterone suppression in transgender women as higher doses?

Objective: The recommended dose of cyproterone acetate (CPA), an anti-androgen that is commonly used in the hormonal treatment of transgender women, is 50–100 mg daily. Our objective was to determine whether CPA at 25 mg daily would suppress total testosterone as effectively as 50 mg daily in transgender women.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of transgender women attending an endocrinology clinic between April 1, 2009, and June 30, 2015. We used a generalized linear mixed model to compare total testosterone between patients on CPA 25 mg versus CPA 50 mg or higher. In a subgroup of patients for which the CPA dose was decreased from 50 mg to 25 mg, we compared total testosterone levels before and after the decrease.

Results: We divided the sixty-eight patients included in the study into 4 groups: group 1, CPA 25 mg (N =31); group 2, CPA 50 mg or higher (N = 19); group 3, CPA dose lowered from 50 mg to 25 mg (N = 15); group 4, CPA dose increased from 25 mg to 50 mg (N = 3). The mean total testosterone on treatment was 0.9 nmol/L (95% CI 0.7 to 1.1) in group 1 and 1.2 nmol/L (95% CI 0.9–1.5) in group 2 and were not significantly different (p = 0.087). In group 3, there was no significant difference between total testosterone levels before and after decreasing the dose of CPA from 50 mg to 25 mg, p = 0.86. Group 4 was excluded from analysis.

Conclusions: We found that 25 mg of CPA daily was effective at suppressing testosterone levels to within normal female range when used in combination with recommended estrogen therapy in transgender women. Clinicians should consider using a lower dose of CPA in order to minimize potential adverse effects.     

Goal feedback from whom? A physical activity intervention using an N-of-1 RCT

Objective: Adolescents are not meeting the recommended guidelines for physical activity. Social support and self-regulatory skills are two factors known to impact physical activity and sedentary behaviour. The study sought to examine how targeting feedback as part of a self-regulatory process could increase physical activity, and the individual who should be providing the feedback.

Design: The study utilised an aggregated N-of-1 RCT which allows for an iterative process of intervention development, and examines variability within participants to answer the question for whom did the intervention work. Ten adolescents (ages 13–18) set a daily physical activity goal. Adolescents received a SMS text message providing feedback on goal attainment daily from a parent, peer, behavioural health specialist; or no text message (control).

Main Outcome Measures: A bioharness heart rate monitor assessed heart rate as proxy for goal attainment. Adolescents also self-monitored their physical activity in the Calorie Counter and Diet Tracker by MyFitnessPal^TM app (commercially available).

Results: Intervention demonstrated a significant effect for 30% of the sample in increasing MVPA (M_increase = 52 min), with no significant effect on sedentary behaviour.

Conclusion: A single occasion of text messaging from the right person can produce changes, however, careful consideration should be given to who provides the feedback.     

Book reviews and books received

Colin Murray Parkes and Joan Stevenson-Hinde (eds.): The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour. London: Tavistock, 1982. £14.50.

A. G. Watts: Education, Unemployment and the Future of Work. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1983. £5.95.

Kenneth Roberts: School Leavers and their Prospects: Youth and the Labour Market in the 1980s. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1984. £5.95.

Peter Herriot: Down from the Ivory Tower: Graduates and their Jobs. Chichester: Wiley, 1984. £13.25.

Edwin J. Thomas: Designing Interventions for the Helping Professions. London: Sage, 1984. £28.00 (hardback); £14.00 (paperback).

Tony Collins and Terry Bruce: Staff Support and Staff Training. London: Tavistock, 1984. £4.95 (paperback).

Helen C. Masson and Patrick O'Byrne: Applying Family Therapy. Oxford: Pergamon, 1984. £7.95.

Michael Berger, Gregory J. Jurkovic and Associates:Practicing Family Therapy in Diverse Settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. £19.95.     

Book reviews and books received

Helping interventions John Heron: Helping the Client: a Creative Practical Guide. London: Sage, 1990. £9.95.

A person-centred perspective on school counselling John McGuiness: A Whole School Approach to Pastoral Care. London: Kogan Page, 1989. £8.95.

How to relate effectively Richard Nelson-Jones: Human Relationship Skills (2nd edition). London: Cassell, 1990. £11.95.

Ripe for research? Dave Mearns and Windy Dryden: Experiences of Counselling in Action. London: Sage, 1989. £9.95.

Issues in action Windy Dryden (ed.): Key Issues for Counselling in Action. London: Sage, 1989. £7.95.

The meaning of death Rosemary Dinnage: The Ruffian on the Stair: Reflections on Death. London: Viking, 1990. £14.99.

The empty cradle Irving G. Leon: When a Baby Dies: Psychotherapy for Pregnancy and Newborn Loss. London: Yale University Press, 1990. £20.

Children against themselves Israel Orbach: Children Who Don't Want to Live: Understanding and Treating the Suicidal Child. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988. £17.95.     

Experiences and engagement with the design features and strategies of an internet-delivered treatment programme for generalised anxiety disorder: a service-based evaluation

Background: Outcome research has highlighted the efficacy of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT). Some process research has examined users experiences of iCBT. Understanding the user experience provides valuable feedback to developers of internet-delivered interventions.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate user's experiences and engagement with the design features of an internet-delivered treatment programme for anxiety.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 participant users of the Space from Anxiety programme. A thematic analysis framework was employed to analyse the data collected.

Results: Identified themes related to participants engagement and adherence with the programme material, participant's experience of personal development through interaction with the programme content and participants experience of the social features employed in the programme. Another theme investigated the various attributes or conditions necessary for internet-delivered therapy to be helpful to an individual.

Conclusion: Considering the experiences of users of online interventions provides insight into what works for whom both in terms of technological features and the various skills and strategies that may compose the treatment intervention. Knowing more about what design features and strategies/components of the intervention are attractive and keep users involved can only enhance the delivery of effective internet-delivered interventions for anxiety disorders.     

Reliability and Validity of the Fear of Intimacy Scale in China

Clarence G. Schulz and Rose K. Kilgalen. Case Studies in Schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books, 1970, 288 pages, $8.95. Reviewed by Edward S. Filicky, PhD

D. W. Winnicott. Playing and Reality. New York: Basic Books, 1971, xiii + 169 pages, $6.95. Reviewed by Barney Greenspan, Ph.D.

Dirk L. Schaeffer. Sex Differences in Personality: Readings. Belmont, California: Cole Publishing Company, 1971, 180 pages (paperback), $3.50. Reviewed by Laura Barbanel

B. B. Wolman (Ed.). The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History. New York: Basic Books, 1971, x, 240 pages. Reviewed by Henry P. Hoey

D. W. Winnicott. Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1971, 410 pages, $15.00. Reviewed by Shanti Tayal, Ph.D.

Donald M. Uhlin. Art for Exceptional Children. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown, 1972, 146 pages, $3.50, paperbound. Reviewed by Florence Diamond

J. L. Gewirtz (Ed.) Attachment and Dependency. New York: Halsted Press, 1972, 251 pages, $10.95. Reviewed by Leonard B. Olinger, PhD

R. H. Woody and J. D. Woody. Clinical Assessment in Counseling and Psychotherapy. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972, 370 pages. Reviewed by Dale D. Simmons, Ph.D.

Paul Ekman, W. V. Friesen, and Phoebe Ellsworth. Emotion in the Human Face. New York: Pergamon, 1972, 191 + xii pages. Reviewed by Clifford H. Swensen

Anthony Storr. Human Destructiveness. New York: Basic Books, 1972, 127 pages, $5.95. Reviewed by Norman Tallent

Henry V. Dicks. Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some S. S. Killers. New York: Basic Books, 1972, xiii + 283 pages, $7.95. Reviewed by Rolland S. Parker, PhD

T. R. Young. New Sources of Self. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1972, 114 pages, $6.50. Reviewed by Ray A. Craddick

James N. Butcher, (Ed.) Objective Personality Assessment: Changing Perspectives. New York: Academic Press, 1972, 212 pages, $6.95. Reviewed by James H. Johnson

Donald P. Kent, Robert Kastenbaum, and Sylvia Sherwood. Research Planning and Action for the Elderly. New York: Behavioral Publications Press, 1972, 569 pages, $19.95. Reviewed by Margaret Mercer, PhD

Rupert Wilkinson. The Broken Rebel: A Study in Culture, Politics and Authoritarian Character. New York: Harper and Row, 1972, 390 pages, $12.95. Reviewed by Emanuel Berman

Alfred B. Heilbrun. Aversive Maternal Control. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1973, 324 pages, $15.95. Reviewed by Albert I. Rabin, PhD

Irla Lee Zimmerman, James M. WooSam, with Alan J. Glasser, Clinical Interpretation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Grune &; Stratton, 1973, 224 pages, $7.95. Reviewed by Ronald E. Smith, PhD

Hilde Bruch. Eating disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and the Person Within. New York: Basic Books, 1973, 396 pages, $12.50. Reviewed by David C. Murray

Edith G. Neisser. Mothers and Daughters. Harper and Row, 1973, 396 pages, $10.00. Reviewed by Pamela Osborne Munter

Rudolf Arnheim. The Genesis of a Painting: Picasso's Guernica. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973, 145 pages, 70 illustrations, $5.95, paper. Reviewed by Florence Rand Diamond     

Book reviews and books received

Practical help for family therapists John Carpenter and Andy Treacher: Marital and Family Therapy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. €29.50 (hardback); €9.95 (paperback).

Survival for the guidance teacher W.P. Gothard and E. Goodhew: Guidance and the Changing Curriculum. London: Croom Helm, 1987. €22.50.

Second-class male Michael S. Kimmel (ed.): Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity. London: Sage, 1987. €35 (hardback); €14.50 (paperback).

Analysing the analyst Rosemary Dinnage: One to One: Experiences of Psychotherapy. London: Viking, 1988. €12.95.

Practical counselling skills revisited Richard Nelson-Jones: Practical Counselling and Helping Skills. London: Cassell, 1988. €7.95.

Snakes and pyramids Jocelyn Chaplin: Feminist Counselling in Action. London: Sage, 1988. €7.95.

The person-centred approach: a key text Dave Mearns and Brian Thome: Person-Centred Counselling in Action. London: Sage, 1988. €7.95.     

Book reviews

So you thought you had sorted out a Code of Ethics? Gavin Fairbairn and Susan Fairbaim: Ethical Issues in Caring. Aldershot: Avebury, 1988. £22.50.

The myth of positivism Celia Kitzinger: The Social Construction of Lesbianism. London: Sage, 1987. £8.95.

A family approach to art psychotherapy H. B. Landgarten: Family Art Psychotherapy: a Clinical Guide and Casebook. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987. $27.50.

Simple psychodynamics Michael Jacobs: Psychodynamic Counselling in Action. London: Sage, 1988.

Optimistic assumptions T. Haberle: Counselling and Curing. London: SPCK, 1987. £3.50.     

Books reviews and notes

GENERAL.

ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM. By Youssef M. Choueiri. Themes in Right‐Wing Ideology and Politics Series, ed. Roger Eatwell, University of Bath. London: Pinter Publishers, 1990. 178pp. Hb. £27.50. ISBN 0–86187–923–6.

THE POLITICS OF PAN‐ISLAM: IDEOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION. By Jacob M. Landau. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 438pp. n.p. ISBN 0–19–827709–1.

“IHR ALLE ABER SEID BRÜDER”: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR A.Th. Khoury ZUM 60. GEBURTSTAG (“BUT ALL OF YOU ARE BROTHERS”: FESTSCHRIFT FOR A.Th. Khoury ON THE OCCASION OF HIS 6OTH BIRTHDAY). Ludwig Hagemann and Ernst Pulsfort (Hg.). Würzburger Forschungen zur Missions und Religionswissenschaft Abt. 2, Religionswissenschaftliche Studien 14. Würzburg: Echter; Altenberge: Telos‐Verlag, 1990. 640pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 3–429–01303–8 (Echter); Hb., n.p. ISBN 3–429–01304–6 (Echter).

ORIENTALISM, ISLAM AND ISLAMISTS. Edited by Asaf Hussain, R. Olson & J. Qureshi. Brattleboro, Vermont: Amanda Books, 1984. 300pp. Pb.$9.95.

HERETIC AND HERO: Muhammad and the Victorians. By Philip C. Almond. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. 107pp. Hb. DM48.00. ISBN 0340‐ 6792.

THE ISLAMIC LAW OF PERSONAL STATUS. By Jamal J. Nasir. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham & Trotman, 1990 (2nd edition). 358pp. Pb. £29.00, $55.00. ISBN 1–85333–280–1.

THE STATUS OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAMIC LAW. By Jamal J. Nasir. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham & Trotman, 1990. 151pp. Pb. £29.50, $56.00. ISBN 1–85333–281‐X.

AN OVERVIEW OF MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE. By P. Cachia. Islamic Surveys no. 17. Edinburgh: University Press, 1990. 241pp. Hb., n.p. ISBN‐0‐ 7486–0132–5.

ENIGMATIC SAINT: Ahmad IBN Idris AND THE IDRISI TRADITION. By R.S. O'Fahey. London: Hurst and Company, 1990. 261pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN 1–85065–087‐X.

ISLAM: THE STRAIGHT PATH. By John L. Esposito. New York. Oxford: OUP, 1988. viii + 230pp. Pb. £6.95. ISBN 0–19–504399–5.

CALLIGRAPHY AND ISLAMIC CULTURE. By Annemarie Schim‐mel. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. xiv + 264pp. Pb. £14.95. ISBN 1–85043–187–6.

A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF SIKHISM. By W. Owen Cole and P. Singh Sambhi. London: Curzon Press and Glenn Dale: The Riverside Company, 1990. 163pp. Pb. £4.50. ISBN 0–70O7–0202–4.

SUNSHINE AT MADINAH. By Zakaria Bashier. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1990. 232pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 0–86037–196–4.

ISLAMISCHER INTERNATIONALISMUS IM 20. JAHRHUNDERT (SLAMIC INTERNATIONALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY). By Reinhard Schulze. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East, Vol.XII. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990. 509pp. Hb. DF187.00, $93.50. ISBN 90–04–08268–7.

THE LANTERN OF THE PATH. By Ja'far Al‐Sadiq. London: Zahra Trust, 143pp. Pb. £6.95. ISBN 1–85230–062–0.

ISLAMIC BANKING. Edited and translated by Habib Shirazi. London: Butterworths, 1990. 104pp. Hb., n.p. ISBN 0–406–10035–7.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC LIBRARY COLLECTIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. By Stephan Roman. London: Mansell, 1990. 259pp. Hb. £40.00. ISBN 0–7201–2065–9.

LIVING RELIGIONS: AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE WORLD'S FAITHS. By Mary Pat Fisher and Robert Luyster. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. 367pp. Hb. £19.95. ISBN 1–85043–299–6.

LE HAREM POLITIQUE: LE PROPHETE ET LES FEMMES (THE POLITICAL HAREM: THE PROPHET AMD WOMEN). By Fatima Mernissi. Paris: Albin Michel S.A., 1987. 294pp. Pb. FF98.00. ISBN 2–226–02941–9.

SULTANES OUBLIÉES: FEMMES CHEFS D'ÉTAT EN ISLAM (FORGOTTEN SULTANAS: WOMEN HEADS OF STATE IN ISLAM). By Fatima Mernissi. Paris: Albin Michel S.A., 1990.290pp. Pb. FF 120.00. ISBN 2–226–03954–6.

REGIONAL.

Africa.

L'ISLAM AU FÉMININ: SOKHNA MAGAT DIOP CHEIKH DE LA CONFREREIE MOURIDE (SENEGAL). (FEMININE ISLAM: SOKHNA MAGAT DIOP SHAIKH OF THE MOURIDE (SENEGAL). By Christian Coulon and Odile Reveyrand. Bordeaux: Institut d'Études Politiques, Université de Bordeaux, 1990. 41pp. FF35.00. ISBN 2–908065–02–9. ISSN 0298–8879.

Asia.

ISLAMISIERUNG IN PAKISTAN 1977–1984: UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR AUFLÖSUNG AUTOCHTONER STRUKTUREN (ISLAMIZATION IN PAKISTAN 1977–1984: INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE DISSOLUTION OF AUTOCHTONOUS STRUCTURES). By S. Jamal Malik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1989. xvii, 475pp. DM90.00. ISBN 3–515–05389–1.

CHRISTIAN MISSION AND ISLAMIC DA'WAH IN MALAYSIA. By Ghazali Basri with a foreword by Abdul Rahman I. Doi. Kuala Lumpur: Nurin Enterprise, 1990. 72pp. Pb.,$5.00. ISBN 967–984–0190–0.

PAKISTAN: A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SINCE 1947. By Omar Noman. London: Kegan Paul Int., 1990. 238pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–7103–0389–0.

COMMUNITY AND CONSENSUS IN ISLAM: MUSLIM REPRESENTATION IN COLONIAL INDIA, 1860–1947. By Farzana Shaikh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 255pp. Hb.£27.50; $44.50. ISBN 0–521–36328–4.

Europe.

ISLAM — EEN NIEUW GELOOF IN NEDERLAND (A NEW RELIGION IN THE NETHERLANDS). Edited by P. Reesink. Baarn: Ambo, 1991. 263 pp. ISBN 90–263–1022–7.

ONTMOETING VAN MOSLEMS EN CHRISTENEN — GRENSVERLENGGENDE VERKENNINGEN (ENCOUNTERS WITH MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS—EXPLORING THE EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES). Edited by Jan van Lin. Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1990. 128 pp. Pb. ISBN 90–304–0533–3.

DE MOSKEE IS OM DE HOEK — ONTMOETING MET ISLAMTTISCHE JONGEREN ( THE MOSQUE IS AROUND THE CORNER — ENCOUNTERS WITH MUSLIM YOUTH). By Trees Andree, Ariane van Ddk & Kartn de Jonge. s'‐Gravenhage: Boekencentrum B.V., 1990. 159 pp. ISBN 90–239–0036–7.

MOSLEMS IN NEDERLAND — MINDERHEDEN EN RELIGIE IN CULTURELE SAMENLEWING (MUSLIMS IN THE NETHERLANDS — MINORITIES AND RELIGION IN – CULTURAL SOCIETY). By W.A.R. Shadid & P.S. van Koningsveld. Alphen aan den Rijn: Samson Stafleu, 1990. 159 pp. ISBN 90–14–03476–7.

DISTORTED IMAGINATION: LESSONS FROM THE RUSHDIE AFFAIR. By Ziaddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies. London: Grey Seal Books, 1990. 303pp. Hb., £14.95. ISBN 1–85640‐ 000‐X.

SCHOOLS OF FAITH: RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Edited by Commission for Racial Equality. London: Commission for Racial Equality, 1990.22pp. Pb. £2.00. ISBN 1–85442–037–2.

Middle East.

THE WRATH OF JONAH: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM IN THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. By Rosemary R. Ruether and Herman J. Ruether. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. xxi, 277pp. Pb. $19.95. ISBN 0–06–066837–7.

AL‐INTILIJINSIYYA AL‐^CARABIYYA: AL‐MUTHAQQAFDN WA AL‐SULTA (THE ARAB INTELLIGENSIA: INTELLECTUALS AND AUTHORITY). Edited by Sa^cd Al‐D in Ibrahim. ^cAmman: Montada al‐Fikr al‐^cArabi (Amman: Arab Thought Forum), 1988. 584pp. (Arabic).

AL‐BU^CD AL‐DINI FI AL‐SIYASA AL‐AMRIKIYYA TUJAH AL‐SIRA^C AL‐ARABI AL‐SAHYUNI: DIRASA FI AL‐HARAKA AL‐MASIHIYYA AL‐USULIYYA AL‐AMRIKIYYA (THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSION IN AMERICAN POLICY TOWARDS THE ARABZIONIST CONFLICT: A STUDY OF THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALIST MOVEMENT). By Yūsuf Al‐Hasan. Bayrūt: Markaz Dirasat al‐Wahda al‐^cArabiyya (Beirut: Centre for Arab Unity Studies), 1990. 222pp. (Arabic).

AL‐SAHWA AL‐ISLAMIYYA WA HUMUM AL‐WATAN AL‐^CARABI (THE ISLAMIC AWAKENING AND THE WORRIES AND CONCERNS OF THE ARAB COUNTRIES). Edited by Sa^cd Al‐Din Ibrahim. ^cAmman: Muntada al‐Fikr al‐^cArabi (Amman: Arab Thought Forum), 1988. 412pp (Arabic).

PITY THE POOR NATION: LEBANON AT WAR. By Robert Fisk. Oxford: OUP, 1991. 662pp. Pb. £6.99. ISBN 0–19–285235–3.

MUSADDIQ AND THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN IRAN. By Homa Katouzian. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. 305pp. Hb. £24.95. ISBN 1–85043–210–4.

POLITICS OF PARTITION: KING ABDULLAH, THE ZIONISTS AND PALESTINE 1921–1951. By Avi Shlaim. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 465pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–19–285223‐X.

BA'TH V BA'TH: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SYRIA AND IRAQ 1968–1989. By Eberhard Kienle. London: I.B.Tauris, 1990. 238pp. Hb. £29.95. ISBN 1–85043–192–2.

MODERNITY AND TRADITION: THE SAUDI EQUATION. By Fouad Al‐Farsy. London: KPI Ltd, 1990. 337pp. Hb. £45.00. ISBN 0–7103–0395–5.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELATIONS.

THE RISE OF HUMANISM IN CLASSICAL ISLAM AND THE CHRISTIAN WEST. By George Makdisi. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. 431pp. Hb. £45.00. ISBN 0–85224–630–7.

POUR UN REGARD CHRÉTIEN SUR L'ISLAM. By Robert Caspar. Religions en Dialogue. Collection dirigée par Dennis Gira. Paris: Centurion, 1990. 206pp. PD.135FF. ISBN 2–227–36303–7.

COUPLES ISLAMO‐CHRÉTIENS: PROMESSE OU IMPASSE (MUSLIM‐CHRISTIAN COUPLES: HOPE OR IMPASSE). By Daisy Benturqui ET AL. Lausanne: Editions du SOC, 1990. 107pp. Pb., n.p.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE SCRIPTURES: THE BIBLE AND THE QURAN. Muslim‐Christian Research Group. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989. 104pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 0–88344–650–2.     

Positive and negative affectivity,stress, and well-being in African-Americans: Initial demonstration of a polynomial regression and response surface methodology approach

Objective: The extent to which positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect conjointly impact well-being is not yet well understood. Additionally, research investigating the role of affectivity in maintaining well-being among ethnic and racial minorities is scant. The current research demonstrates how polynomial regression and response surface methodology (PR and RSM) may be used to better understand how PA and NA jointly influence stress and well-being.

Design: In Study 1, 291 African-American undergraduates (M_age = 22.91, SD = 6.91; 67% female) completed measures of affectivity and psychological well-being. In Study 2, a community sample of 117 African-Americans (M_age = 31.87, SD = 13.83; 69% female) completed affectivity measures and a laboratory-based social stressor task to assess links between affectivity and salivary cortisol reactivity.

Main outcome measures: Study 1 included life satisfaction, perceived stress and self-reported depressive symptoms. Study 2 included salivary cortisol reactivity.

Results: Across both studies, PA ascendency (i.e. high PA combined with low NA) was associated with better well-being, while NA ascendancy (i.e. high NA combined with low PA) was associated with poorer outcomes.

Conclusion: PR and RSM may provide new insight into the conjoint influence of PA and NA on health and well-being. We discuss potential implications for affectivity research, including race-related explorations.     

Book reviews and books received

A.W. Bolger (ed.): Counselling in Britain: a Reader. London: Batsford, 1982. $7.95.

Stephen Murgatroyd and Ray Woolfe: Coping with Crisis: Understanding and Helping People in Need. London: Harper & Row, 1982. $7.95.

Warren Gribbons and Paul R. Lohnes: Careers in Theory and Experience: a Twenty-Year Longitudinal Study. New York: State University of New York Press, 1982. £14.95.

David H. Montross and Christopher J. Shinkman (eds.): Career Development in the 1980s: Theory and Practice. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1981. £29.75.

Eileen T. Nickerson and Kay S. O'Laughlin (eds.): Helping through Action-Oriented Therapies. Amherst, Massachusetts: Human Resources Development Press, 1982. £15.95.

Gary Hermansson (ed.): Guidance in New Zealand Secondary Schools: Issues and Programmes. Palmerston North: New Zealand Counselling and Guidance Association, 1981.

Harry Black and Patricia Broadfoot: Keeping Track of Teaching: Assessment in the Modern Classroom. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982. $5.95.

D. Galloway, T. Ball, D. Blomfield, and R. Seyd: Schools and Disruptive Pupils. Harlow: Longman, 1982. $5.50.

Arthur M. Home and Merle M. Ohlsen: Family Counseling and Therapy. Itasca, Illinois: Peacock, 1982. $10.15.     

Thyroid chondroplasty: Smoothing the thyroid cartilage— A retrospective study of thyroid chondroplasty for feminine neck appearance

Background: Thyroid chondroplasty is a surgical intervention for reduction of the Adam's apple, performed in trans women to achieve a more feminine appearance of the neck. This procedure is necessary since hormonal therapy given as part of gender affirming medical interventions has no effect on the mature larynx.

Objectives: We aim to describe our thyroid chondroplasty surgical technique and outcome of all thyroid chondroplasties performed during the study period.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of all thyroid chondroplasty procedures performed in a tertiary referral center between 2006 and 2015. Patients' clinical characteristics and surgical outcome were recorded and analyzed.

Results: Twenty-seven trans women underwent thyroid chondroplasty in our institution. Post-operative complications included a single patient who suffered from false vocal fold (ventricular folds) hematoma that resolved spontaneously. Five other patients had an erythematous scar. No other complications were observed.

Conclusion: Thyroid chondroplasty is a safe procedure for achieving a feminine neck contour in trans women.