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大脑机能一侧化和表意文字符号的认读 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本实验在速示条件下探讨认读作为表意文字符号的汉字和阿拉伯数字时,视野(大脑半球)一侧化问题。实验结果表明,单个阿拉伯数字不表现出大脑一侧化;单侧视野呈现汉字或双字词以及双侧视野同时分别是现汉字和阿拉伯数字时,表现出右视野(左半球)认读的正确率显著的高;在双侧同时分别呈现双字词和数字以及中央视野与单侧视野同时呈现汉字时,左右视野差别虽不显著,但仍表明左半球在汉字、词的认读中起主要作用。 相似文献
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感觉记忆能够以特征形式构建对视觉对象表面信息的表征, 然而对于具有重要意义的潜在抽象信息, 尚未有研究考察其是否影响感觉记忆的视觉表征。结合掩蔽技术与部分报告法范式考察了感觉记忆的视觉表征中是否包含语义信息。以阿拉伯数字作为目标, 实验1与实验2分别采用正立与倒置的汉字大写数字作为掩蔽刺激, 比较其与白噪音刺激的掩蔽效应。结果显示, 汉字大写数字的掩蔽效应均强于白噪音刺激, 且正立汉字大写数字的掩蔽效果较倒置汉字大写数字更强。实验3采用汉字大写数字与汉字常用字分别作为掩蔽刺激, 结果显示汉字大写数字的掩蔽效果强于汉字常用字。上述结果显示, 刺激间的语义相似性带来了视觉表征冲突, 表明感觉记忆的视觉表征中包含了刺激的语义信息。 相似文献
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该研究采用从1位数到9位数的数为刺激材料对58名年龄21.00±1.23岁的大学生进行心理旋转研究,从而探讨表象表征的容量,实验的刺激有四种类型:数字—数字对应、汉字—汉字对应、数字—汉字对应、汉字—数字对应,每种刺激类型呈现18次,共72试次随机呈现。心理旋转的角度有两个:45°、315°,实验中的数均包含正像和镜像两种形式。结果表明:(1)表象表征的容量是4个组块,以4为分界线,认知资源分配不同;(2)表象表征在容量小于4个组块时占优势,以4为分界线,表象表征与命题表征的作用不同,命题表征表现出较强的稳定性;(3)表象表征是自下而上的加工,受刺激物理特性的影响大。 相似文献
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尽管已有研究发现数字以空间方式表征在人类记忆系统, 但是人脑如何完成数字的空间表征尚存争议。本研究两个实验在不同比例的数字字母(实验1)和不同比例的数字汉字(实验2)混合情境中考察了数字空间表征特点及其机制, 对上述争议进行了深入研究。结果发现:(1)当数字字母比例为“1 : 1”时, 数字加工中不出现SNARC效应。当数字字母比例为“1 : 6”和“6 : 1”时, 数字加工中均出现SNARC效应。即数字字母比例与数字SNARC效应之间呈倒“U”型关系。(2)数字汉字混合情境中数字汉字比例与数字SNARC效应之间同样呈倒“U”型关系。结果说明:(1)干扰刺激与数字混合呈现会影响数字SNARC效应。(2)干扰刺激加工对数字SNARC效应的影响受到数字与干扰刺激比例的调节, 且具有跨干扰材料的稳定性。研究结果意味着数字的空间表征是人类通过统计学习在线建构的, 支持了工作记忆理论。 相似文献
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本文采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语假设条件复句的心理表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语假设条件复句的项目表达顺序为“结果一假设条件”时,所形成的心理表征中项目发生互换,其结果为“假设条件→结果”。本研究结果初步表明。读者理解汉语假设条件复句是一个按照“假设条件→结果”固定方向进行系列加工的认知过程。 相似文献
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Kirsti M. J. Lagerspetz Kaj Bjrkqvist Helena Bjrkqvist Helena Lundman 《Aggressive behavior》1988,14(5):303-313
The Moral Approval of Aggression Inventory (MAAI) and Bem's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were administered to three experimental groups: officer trainees ( = OTs, n = 48), conscientious objectors to military service ( = COs, n = 35), and to a group of women of comparable age (n = 32). Aggression was mostly approved of among OTs and the least among COs, the women scoring in the middle somewhat closer to OTs. Differences in choice of sex role identity emerged, so that OTs often chose a masculine sex role, while for COs, the choice of an androgynous role was the most frequent one. Women chose feminine and androgynous roles with equal frequency. Moral approval of aggression could not be explained on the basis of sex role identification. The strongest determinator of moral approval of aggression was the choice of refusal to engage in military service. 相似文献
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Cheryl L. Brosig Dawn M. Zahrt 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(4):420-424
The purpose of this study was to evaluate an inpatient pediatric psychology consultation service, with particular focus on issues related to financial reimbursement for services. Information was gathered over a four year period (2001–2005) regarding number of consults, referral source and referral question, type of insurance, and reimbursement rates for health and behavior codes versus mental health codes. The financial impact of hiring an insurance verification specialist was also explored. Results indicated that reimbursement rates for health and behavior codes were higher than reimbursement rates for mental health codes. Health and behavior codes were rejected in 31% of cases that they were billed; the primary reason for rejection was that these codes were not a covered service by Medicaid. Hiring an insurance verification specialist was found to be a cost-effective method for improving the financial “bottom-line” for psychology services. Implications for practice are discussed. 相似文献
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Craig Leth-Steensen Richie Citta 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(3):482-494
Performance in numerical classification tasks involving either parity or magnitude judgements is quicker when small numbers are mapped onto a left-sided response and large numbers onto a right-sided response than for the opposite mapping (i.e., the spatial–numerical association of response codes or SNARC effect). Recent research by Gevers et al. [Gevers, W., Santens, S., Dhooge, E., Chen, Q., Van den Bossche, L., Fias, W., & Verguts, T. (2010). Verbal-spatial and visuospatial coding of number–space interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 180–190] suggests that this effect also arises for vocal “left” and “right” responding, indicating that verbal–spatial coding has a role to play in determining it. Another presumably verbal-based, spatial–numerical mapping phenomenon is the linguistic markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect whereby responding in parity tasks is quicker when odd numbers are mapped onto left-sided responses and even numbers onto right-sided responses. A recent account of both the SNARC and MARC effects is based on the polarity correspondence principle [Proctor, R. W., & Cho, Y. S. (2006). Polarity correspondence: A general principle for performance of speeded binary classification tasks. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 416–442]. This account assumes that stimulus and response alternatives are coded along any number of dimensions in terms of – and + polarities with quicker responding when the polarity codes for the stimulus and the response correspond. In the present study, even–odd parity judgements were made using either “left” and “right” or “bad” and “good” vocal responses. Results indicated that a SNARC effect was indeed present for the former type of vocal responding, providing further evidence for the sufficiency of the verbal–spatial coding account for this effect. However, the decided lack of an analogous SNARC-like effect in the results for the latter type of vocal responding provides an important constraint on the presumed generality of the polarity correspondence account. On the other hand, the presence of robust MARC effects for “bad” and “good” but not “left” and “right” vocal responses is consistent with the view that such effects are due to conceptual associations between semantic codes for odd–even and bad–good (but not necessarily left–right). 相似文献
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《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(11):2237-2252
Many deaf individuals do not develop the high-level reading skills that will allow them to fully take part into society. To attempt to explain this widespread difficulty in the deaf population, much research has honed in on the use of phonological codes during reading. The hypothesis that the use of phonological codes is associated with good reading skills in deaf readers, though not well supported, still lingers in the literature. We investigated skilled and less-skilled adult deaf readers' processing of orthographic and phonological codes in parafoveal vision during reading by monitoring their eye movements and using the boundary paradigm. Orthographic preview benefits were found in early measures of reading for skilled hearing, skilled deaf, and less-skilled deaf readers, but only skilled hearing readers processed phonological codes in parafoveal vision. Crucially, skilled and less-skilled deaf readers showed a very similar pattern of preview benefits during reading. These results support the notion that reading difficulties in deaf adults are not linked to their failure to activate phonological codes during reading. 相似文献
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This study examined self-reported academic dishonesty at a midsize public university. Students (N = 492) rated the likelihood they would cheat after accepting to abide by each of eight honor code pledges before Internet-based assignments and examinations. The statements were derived from honor pledges used by different universities across the United States and varied in length, formality, and the extent to which the statements included consequences for academic dishonesty. Longer, formal honor codes with consequences were associated with a lower likelihood to cheat. Results showed a significant three-way interaction and suggest how to best design honor codes. 相似文献
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Stephanie J. Bird PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):315-320
In discussions of professional standards and ethical values it is reasonable to consider who will develop the codes of conduct
and guidelines for behavior that will reflect the standards and values of the community. Also worthy of consideration is whether
the standards or guidelines are enforceable, and how and to what extent they will be enforced. The development of guidelines
or professional codes of conduct is a responsibility that has been adopted by many professional societies. Useful to this
discussion is an examination of the rationale behind the development of ethical codes by professional societies. The Ethics
in Science Committee of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) has examined the codes of some of its member societies
and some observations regarding them are pertinent. The nature and uses of ethical statements, codes and guidelines developed
by professional societies are multiple and diverse. Their enforcement raises both practical and ethical concerns.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
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Ava Guez Manuela Piazza Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas Hugo Peyre Barbara Heude Franck Ramus 《Developmental science》2023,26(3):e13316
A converging body of evidence from neuroimaging, behavioral, and neuropsychology studies suggests that different arithmetic operations rely on distinct neuro-cognitive processes: while addition and subtraction may rely more on visuospatial reasoning, multiplication would depend more on verbal abilities. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis in a longitudinal study measuring language and visuospatial skills in 358 preschoolers, and testing their mental calculation skills at the beginning of middle school. Language skills at 5.5 years significantly predicted multiplication, but not addition nor subtraction scores at 11.5 years. Conversely, early visuospatial skills predicted addition and subtraction, but not multiplication scores. These results provide strong support for the existence of a double dissociation in mental arithmetic operations, and demonstrate the existence of long-lasting links between language/visuospatial skills and specific calculation abilities. 相似文献
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当前心理测验的应用问题与伦理规范 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
心理测验法在心理学研究中是一种常用的方法,但是,这种方法的应用价值受到诸多条件的限制。本文从经典测验理论出发回顾了影响心理测验应用价值的一些因素,并对心理测验的使用者做了重点分析,指出只有经过培训并获得相关资格者才能管理心理测验,而且施测者应该从自身与被测者之间的关系出发,严格地遵循心理测验的伦理价值,并在法律的规范下使用心理测验,才能充分地体现心理测验的真正价值。 相似文献
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Vivian M. Weil 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):303-314
A summary of the career of a Russian engineer who practiced a century ago in western Europe, as well as in Russia, provides
an example of how ethical standards can influence practice across national boundaries. An examination of his career and his
conception of engineering, of the evolution of engineering standards and codes, and of the process of formulating codes in
particular instances explains how international standards can shape practice in an international context.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献