组织中权力如何促进亲社会行为?责任感知的中介作用

如何善用权力惠及于民既是一个重要的科学问题, 也是一个关键的管理实践问题。以往学者主要关注组织情境中权力对亲社会行为的消极作用, 对积极作用的发生机制尚不清楚。梳理组织中权力正向影响亲社会行为的相关文献, 发现责任感知在权力促进亲社会行为中起中介作用; 掌权者在行使权力时会考虑自身需求、与他人的关系, 以及与组织的关系, 从而增强责任感知, 且不同路径会受个体层面、人际层面和组织层面的潜在因素影响。权力通过责任感知促进亲社会行为的综合模型, 对组织以及掌权者如何善用权力具有重要的启示意义。     

From Gibson and Crooks to Damasio: The role of psychology in the development of driver behaviour models

This article presents a brief history and perspective of behavioural model development in traffic psychology. As one specific example of a key behavioural model, Gibson and Crooks (1938), in their classic field theoretical study, offered the first scientific attempt to deal with the issue of compensation. Two central theoretical concepts were developed: “Field of safe travel” and “Minimum stopping zone”. The interplay between the two was used to describe and explain risk compensation and illustrated by observing the impact of brakes on driver behaviour: Better brakes could make the field of safe travel – i.e. the distance to the car in front – shorter. Nearly 50 years later, the launch of Wilde’s Risk Homeostasis Theory (RHT) gave rise to a profound debate about risk homeostasis and risk compensation. The core issue in the debate was Wilde’s strict assertion that all individuals, not only car-drivers, carry an inherent target level of risk that they are seeking to maintain or restore. Gibson and Crooks fell well within psychological theories of the time, while Wilde’s RHT emerged more from control theory and economic utility theory than from psychology. In the 1990s neuroscience emerges, especially by Damasio who introduces a paradigm that has proven fruitful as a framework of more recent driver behaviour models. But neuroscience also had its forerunner in Taylor’s proposal that driver behaviour is governed by a constancy in Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) which makes driving a self-paced task aiming at keeping the GSR at a constant level. Näätänen and Summala’s integrated Taylor in their “Zero-risk model” which has persisted and still prevails as a solid and well accepted model. Psychological learning theory has, however, rarely been adequately dealt with which is quite odd given the prevalence of speeding and risk compensation which cannot escape explanations based on operant conditioning. The paper discusses the emerging role of psychology and psychological concepts that has been proposed and evolved through the development of driver behaviour models since Gibson and Crooks’ study of 1938. The views presented are subjective, they do not represent any attempt to describe the objective reality of the time.     

孤独症谱系障碍者的生物运动探测障碍：基于行为与神经的证据

关于孤独症谱系障碍个体探测生物运动的能力是否受损,已有行为研究尚存分歧。导致分歧的原因可能是实验刺激、实验任务和测量指标存在差异。然而,神经研究却一致证实其潜在的神经机制存在异常。领域特殊性观点认为该障碍可能是基于后侧颞上沟功能异常的社会性功能障碍,也可能是基于镜像神经元功能异常的社会性功能障碍;而领域一般性观点认为该障碍可能是基于背侧视觉流功能异常的视运动知觉障碍,也可能基于脑功能联结异常的弱中央统合障碍。据此,本文将从研究范式、行为表现及潜在机制三个方面梳理相关研究,以期为后续研究提供新方向。     

社会经济不平等对个体生命史策略的影响——国家发展水平的调节作用

经济不平等不仅是经济问题,也会对个体心理行为产生诸多影响。前人认为,经济不平等会强化个体阶层提升意愿。结合生命史理论,研究提出高不平等将使个体偏好后代质量而非数量,以实现阶层提升,且这一现象在高发展水平国家中更为明显。基于开源数据,通过国家/个人两个水平上的分析发现,在高发展水平国家,经济不平等降低了国家生育率,并使个体更关切后代教育。研究结果可为理解特定经济环境下的个体心理和行为提供参考。     

信任还是设防？互动博弈中社会善念对合作行为的促进效应

社会善念是个体在人际互动中充满善意地关注、尊重并保护他人选择的需要和权利的行为,通过实施社会善念有助于提升他人的合作行为。为检验这一假设,本实验设置了“施—受”双方的互动博弈情境,采用“物品选择游戏”操纵实施者的社会善念水平,分别利用信任博弈和公共物品游戏测查接受者在互动过程中的信任水平和合作行为。结果发现：相比于低社会善念组,被试在高社会善念组中表现出更高的信任水平和合作行为。进一步路径分析也发现,信任在感知社会善念与合作行为间发挥着部分中介作用。由此可见,社会善念行为的实施为互动双方建立信任关系提供了重要线索,降低了人们时时“设防”的监控动机,使合作带来的利益双赢成为可能。     

善良人格与网络利他行为的关系：有调节的中介模型

为探讨善良人格与网络利他行为的关系及其内在心理机制，研究采用实验法，将192名被试随机分配到不同风险情境中，并完成善良人格问卷、自我控制问卷和网络利他行为任务。结果表明：（1）善良人格正向预测网络利他行为；（2）自我控制在善良人格与网络利他之间起中介作用；（3）情境风险在善良人格与网络利他行为之间的直接路径以及自我控制中介效应的后半路径起调节作用。因此，善良人格对网络利他行为的影响是有调节的中介作用，该结果具有一定的理论和现实价值。     

Atmosphere in an urban nightlife setting: A case study of the relationship between the socio‐physical context and aggressive behavior

Aggression is strongly influenced by the surrounding socio‐physical context, and the development of aggressive behavior is best understood through a continuous cycle of ongoing person‐environment interactions. Empirical studies, nevertheless, have been predominantly conducted in the laboratory, studying aggression as a short‐lived phenomenon, emerging from and within an individual, and – with situational factors studied in isolation – devoid of its context. The present field study, conducted in an urban nightlife area, complements this research. A qualitative, multi‐method approach was followed by thematic analysis to investigate ongoing behavioral patterns of the crowd vis‐à‐vis the changes in the context that co‐occurred with the development of unwanted behaviors, including aggression. In our study, we identified atmosphere as a dynamic and mood‐like, but extra‐individual state of the socio‐physical setting related to the development of aggression. Our results suggest that atmosphere affects the behavior of groups and individuals by emerging from and feeding into ongoing interactions between people and the environment. At the individual level, it appears to play its part as proximate determinant of behavior; at the crowd level it reflects the synergetic product of all those persons’ states, behaviors and interactions. Implications for aggression theory and for applications aimed at curbing aggression are discussed.     

The factorial structure of individual differences in visual perception

Although at first glance the way we perceive the world is similar for most individuals and resembles a veridical interpretation of the environment, the persistent individual differences found in many perceptual processes continue to inspire and confuse researchers. Despite numerous attempts to map out the reliable factors and correlates of individual variance in perception, the factorial structure of vision has remained elusive. The current article reviews recent developments in the study of individual differences in perception with a focus on work that has applied latent variable techniques for analysing performance across multiple visual paradigms. As this overview reveals, studies that have attempted to answer the question whether one general or several specific factors best describe vision tend to reject the monolithic view. Some general notes are also provided regarding pitfalls that should be taken into account when designing such research in the future.     

社会网络视角下儿童青少年同伴关系网络与欺凌相关行为的共同变化关系

欺凌是一种群体动态过程,同伴生态是欺凌发生发展的重要情境。虽然已有研究重视影响欺凌的同伴因素,但从群体动态关系视角细致探讨欺凌相关行为(欺凌、受欺凌和保护行为)发展变化的研究仍十分有限。从社会网络与欺凌相关行为相互影响的关键问题入手,重点考察欺凌相关行为在同伴关系网络中的发展进程,揭示了同伴关系网络的结构特征和内部关系作为欺凌相关行为是否发生、如何发展的重要生态标志,阐明了存在相同行为特征的个体分群汇聚的选择效应和群体内行为传染的影响效应。未来研究应结合多维社会网络、多类型网络结构和关系特征、不同欺凌角色以及我国本土化特点等进一步加强欺凌治理的群体生态研究,从而更好地为群体生态层面上的欺凌治理提供科学依据。     

情景记忆成功年老化的神经机制

随着年龄的增长,大部分老年人的情景记忆会出现衰退,但也会有一部分老年人的情景记忆表现出成功的年老化,即记忆成绩较好或随增龄的衰退程度较小。脑保持理论、神经去分化理论、认知储备理论以及神经补偿理论分别从不同角度解释了情景记忆成功年老化的神经机制。基于选择性优化与补偿模型对现有理论进行整合,发现情景记忆成功年老化可能与个体的认知储备水平直接相关：高认知储备的老年人能够对情景记忆相关的脑区和脑网络进行优化且具备更强的神经补偿能力,因而其脑功能(比如,神经表征和神经加工通路的特异性)可能会保持地更好。未来研究需要更多地采用纵向设计来考察各理论之间的关系及其影响因素,从而更好地解释记忆成功年老化的神经机制并为提升老年人的脑与认知健康提供支持。     

薪酬体系框架与考核方式对个人绩效薪酬选择的影响

研究从行为决策视角, 采用情景实验法探讨了薪酬体系框架与绩效考核方式对个人绩效薪酬选择的影响。结果表明：(1)个体根据实际收入水平低于/高于内心预期收入参照点将分别形成损失/收益性的预期收入框架, 在损失性收入框架下选择风险性绩效薪酬的几率更高; (2)底薪加提成的薪酬支付模式会让个体形成收益框架, 薪酬打包的支付模式会让个体形成损失框架, 个体在薪酬打包模式下选择绩效薪酬体系的几率更高; (3)与封闭式目标的考核体系相比, 企业采用开放式目标的绩效考核会抑制预期收入框架和薪酬支付框架对个人绩效薪酬选择的影响。     

The effect of restraint beliefs on alcohol-seeking behavior

Individuals who believe that they have high levels of restraint over motivated behaviors such as cigarette smoking are, paradoxically, more likely to engage in those behaviors when tempted (Nordgren, Van Harreveld, & Van Der Pligt, 2009). Our aim was to experimentally manipulate heavy drinkers' beliefs about their drinking restraint to examine the effect on drinking behavior. Sixty heavy drinkers completed an implicit association test and a stop-signal task before receiving bogus feedback on their task performance that indicated that they had either high or low levels of drinking restraint. Participants then completed a bogus taste test in which they were able to consume beer and a soft drink. Results indicated that the group falsely led to believe that they had a high level of drinking restraint subsequently consumed more beer than the group led to believe that they had a low level of drinking restraint. This study demonstrates that beliefs about drinking restraint can influence drinking behavior, in that individuals who overestimate their control over drinking are at greater risk of drinking to excess when exposed to tempting situations.     

压力下一搏：压力如何影响个体风险寻求

压力促使个体风险寻求已得到许多研究的验证和支持, 但对于该现象背后的根本机制缺乏深入探讨和整合。模型指出, 压力诱发认知资源损耗和心理需要失衡, 导致个体执行控制功能减弱, 奖赏寻求增加, 这两者引起对风险选项价值的高估、风险感知的降低和启发式决策策略的使用, 最终导致风险寻求。期望效用论、预期理论、双系统理论和风险敏感理论的视角能各有侧重地解析模型中的路径。最后, 基于模型梳理了边界条件, 并提出未来可关注压力下执行功能、认知和情绪的交互以及慢性压力的影响和调控。     

The Sexual Harassment–Suicide Connection in the U.S. Military: Contextual Effects of Hostile Work Environment and Trusted Unit Leaders

Sexual harassment has been associated with suicidal behaviors, and with the rise in suicides in the U.S. military, sexual harassment's role in suicide has been of growing interest. Lacking are studies that examine group‐ or unit‐level variables in the relationship of sexual harassment to suicidal behaviors (thoughts, plans, and attempts). In this study, survey data from soldiers (12,567 soldiers in 180 company‐sized units) who completed the Unit Risk Inventory administered during calendar year 2010 were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. At the individual level, sexual harassment was associated with a fivefold increase for risk of suicide. Reporting that leaders could be trusted was associated with a decreased suicide risk by about one‐third. There was no statistically significant interaction between sexual harassment and trusted leaders in predicting the suicidal behaviors. At the group level, units or companies having higher levels of sexual harassment also had soldiers three times more at risk for suicide. A cross‐leveling effect was also observed: Among units having higher levels of sexual harassment, the negative correlation (buffering effect of unit leaders on suicidal behaviors) was diminished. Implications of findings for preventing sexual harassment and suicide risk are discussed.     

Brain-to-brain coupling: a mechanism for creating and sharing a social world

Cognition materializes in an interpersonal space. The emergence of complex behaviors requires the coordination of actions among individuals according to a shared set of rules. Despite the central role of other individuals in shaping one's mind, most cognitive studies focus on processes that occur within a single individual. We call for a shift from a single-brain to a multi-brain frame of reference. We argue that in many cases the neural processes in one brain are coupled to the neural processes in another brain via the transmission of a signal through the environment. Brain-to-brain coupling constrains and shapes the actions of each individual in a social network, leading to complex joint behaviors that could not have emerged in isolation.     

工作幸福感：概念、测量水平与因果模型

工作幸福感是个体工作目标和潜能充分实现的心理感受及愉悦体验, 是一个需要组织和个人持久努力和投资的动态过程, 包括工作投入、心流体验、工作旺盛感、工作满意度、工作积极情感等宽泛的结构。有必要从暂时、个体和单元三个水平对工作幸福感进行研究。随着研究方法的进展, 工作幸福感的研究呈现出个体差异和个体内波动结合的趋势。工作幸福感多水平动态形成机制模型整合了组织和工作环境因素、个人特征以及人与环境的交互作用, 体现了工作幸福感的动态特征, 解释了人类基本心理需要的满足是工作幸福感形成的心理机制。外溢?交叉动态模型解释了幸福感在不同生活领域的外溢以及在工作团队成员或家庭配偶之间的传递, 有助于推动工作幸福感不同测量水平的效应研究。未来需要通过实证研究检验工作幸福感的动态因果模型, 探讨不同水平的工作幸福感对绩效的影响机制, 更多地研究心流体验、心理旺盛感、高兴和自豪等工作幸福感指标, 加强对工作幸福感的干预研究。     

Developmental environment affects risk-acceptance in the hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa

Consistent individual differences in the tendency to accept risk have been demonstrated in invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals, including humans. These individual differences have been associated with size, growth rate, survival, and reproductive success. Little research, however, has investigated the effect of developmental environment on individual differences in risk-acceptance. Competing hypotheses offer different explanations of how variation in the quality of the developmental environment affects risk-acceptance in adults. The first hypothesis states that individuals developing in poor quality environments take risks because such behavior is their only means of obtaining adequate fitness returns. The second hypothesis states that individuals developing in poor environments avoid risk because their poor physical condition makes them especially vulnerable to injury or death. We measured several forms of risk-accepting behavior (exploration, foraging, and recovery after disturbance) in male hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) that had developed in nutritional and social environments of varying quality. Individuals raised on poor nutrition diets exhibited lower levels of risk-acceptance than those raised on high nutrition diets. Risk-acceptance among individuals that developed on poor nutrition diets was negatively correlated with body size. We conclude that quality of developmental environment affects risk-acceptance across behavioral contexts in male hissing cockroaches. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that condition-dependent vulnerability mediates the relationship between developmental environment and risk-acceptance.     

居住流动性对心理行为的影响

居住流动性,指某时期个体搬迁的次数或某区域居民搬迁的比率。本文从居住流动性引起社会环境变化入手,综述其心理影响。对儿童/青少年,搬迁中断了成长所需的关键社会环境,影响自我调节、认知能力、情感与群体行为等。对成年人,搬迁使社会环境陌生化、所属群体变换频繁,影响心理健康、人际交往、自我概念和群体认同等。随后,就成年前、后研究的关系、居住流动性对利己行为的影响及国内居住流动性研究的未来方向进行了讨论。     

酒精影响个体社会行为的机制

酒精摄入可能使个体的社会行为变得极端和更具破坏性。酒精近视理论和酒精期望理论分别从酒精摄入对个体信息加工能力的限制和个体对饮酒结果的期望角度解释酒精与个体社会行为改变的关系。双重加工模型借鉴命题加工和联想加工相互作用的观点将上述两模型进行整合。未来的研究应根据双重加工模型更全面地解释酒精与个体社会行为的关系, 探讨个体社会行为随酒精浓度的变化趋势, 并结合脑成像技术对酒精影响个体社会行为的机制进行探讨。     

呼吸道传染病疫情背景下的民众社交距离保持行为

民众遵守社交限制措施和主动扩大社交距离对遏制呼吸道传染病疫情非常重要。疫情背景下的民众社交距离保持行为,与疫情情境、疫情相关认知和情绪、社会文化背景以及个体心理特质有关,可基于计划行为理论、保护动机理论和行为免疫系统理论进行解释,可能存在威胁管理机制、自我效能感机制和社会认同机制的多重作用。未来研究应进一步考察情绪认知过程及其与社会文化背景和个体心理特质的交互,构建双系统模型,结合追踪及实验研究,检验疫情背景下社交距离保持行为的内在机制。